Radionuclide and Chemical Contamination of the Environment as Factors of Increasing Mutational Variability of Organisms

In the course of evolution, living organisms have adapted to constant contact with mutagenic factors, and the spontaneous mutations induced by them have served as the one of the most significant sources of new traits and properties. With the development of civilisation, wildlife, including humans, was exposed to contamination by mutagenic factors of man-made origin: natural and artificial radioisotopes, pollutants, and xenobiotics. The sources of their release into the environment are mineral processing, radioactive and chemical waste, nuclear weapons testing, accidents at nuclear facilities and chemical plants, and the use of xenobiotic pesticides. Increased activity of mutagenic factors in the environment leads to an increase in the frequency of mutations in plants, animals, and humans, an increase in the genetic burden, and a decrease in the adaptability of populations. Further ecological screening and genetic monitoring of hazardous areas should become a mandatory component of the preservation of natural ecosystems and scientifically sound placement of recreational areas, cultivated plants, and construction of residential, industrial, and livestock facilities to protect public health, flora, and fauna.