Risk Factors for Bone Mineral Density in Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Factors associated with bone mineral density (BMD) have been studied, but the results are conflicting. The aim was to identify health risks and protective factors for BMD in regularly physically active (PAG) and ³ 65-year-old (+65G) women and a control group (CG). 164 women (PAG = 33; +65G = 35; CG = 96) completed a questionnaire on diet recall, and blood analysis and DXA were used. For statistical analysis, the chi-squared test, Student’s t-test, and univariate and multivariable linear regression analysis were performed. PAG had lower and +65G higher levels of fat mass (FM), fat%, and body mass indices. PAG, +65G, and CG all received P% of the recommended daily amount of energy, 12%, 26%, and 26%, respectively, and there were micronutrient deficiencies in the diet (especially of vitamin D and calcium). BMD was positively associated with fat-free mass (FFM) and negatively with older age in all regions. FFM and FM were positively, and older age and additional calcium intake — negatively associated with whole body BMD. BMD is strongly related to body composition parameters and age. Women’s BMD needs to be addressed throughout the life cycle.