References
- Aida, Y., Abe, H., Tomita, Y., Nagano, T., Seki, N., Sugita, T., Itagaki, M., Ishiguro, H., Sutoh, S., Aizawa, Y. (2014). Serum cytokeratin 18 fragment level as a noninvasive biomarker for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med., 7 (11), 4191–4198.
- Apostolova, N., Gomez-Sucerquia, L. J., Gortat, A., Blas-Garcia, A., Esplugues, J. V. (2011). Compromising mitochondrial function with the antiretroviral drug efavirenz induces cell survival-promoting autophagy. Hepatology, 54 (3), 1009–1019.10.1002/hep.2445921626526
- Benmassaoud, A., Ghali, P., Cox, J., Wong, P., Szabo, J., Deschenes, M., Osikowicz, M., Lebouche, B., Klein, M. B., Sebastiani, G. (2018). Screening for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by using cytokeratin 18 and transient elastography in HIV mono-infection. PloS ONE, 13 (1), e0191985.10.1371/journal.pone.0191985579026029381754
- Blackard, J. T., Sherman, K. E. (2008). HCV/HIV co-infection: Time to re-evaluate the role of HIV in the liver? J. Viral Hepat., 15, 323–330.10.1111/j.1365-2893.2008.00970.x352683218208497
- Canbay, A., Friedman, S., Gores, G. J. (2004). Apoptosis: The nexus of liver injury and fibrosis. Hepatology, 39 (2), 273–278.10.1002/hep.2005114767974
- Chew, K. W., Bhattacharya, D. (2016). Virologic and immunologic aspects of HIV-HCV co-infection. AIDS, 30 (16), 2395–2404.10.1097/QAD.0000000000001203603938627427873
- Feldstein, A. E., Wieckowska,A., Lopez, A. R., Liu, Y.-C., Zein, N. N., McCullough, A. J. (2009). Cytokeratin-18 fragment levels as noninvasive biomarkers for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A multicenter validation study. Hepathology, 50, 1072–1078.10.1002/hep.23050275751119585618
- Friedman, S. L. (2010). Evolving challenges in hepatic fibrosis. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 7, 425–436.10.1038/nrgastro.2010.9720585339
- Ganesan, M., Dagur, R. S., Makarov, E., Poluektova, L. I., Kadambi, S., Osna, N. A. (2018). Matrix stiffness regulate apoptotic cell death in HIV-HCV co-infected hepatocytes: Importance for liver fibrosis progression. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 500, 717–722.10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.142686304929679566
- Guicciardi, M. E., Gores, G. J. (2005). Apoptosis: A mechanism of acute and chronic liver injury. Gut, 54, 1024–1033.10.1136/gut.2004.053850177460115951554
- Hong, F., Tuyama, A., Lee, T. F., Loke, J., Agarwal, R., Cheng, X., Garg, A., Fiel, M. I., Schwartz, M., Walewski, J., Branch, A., Schecter, A. D., Bansa, M. B. (2009). Hepatic stellate cells express functional CXCR4: Role in stromal cell-derived factor-1alphamediated stellate cell activation. Hepatology, 49, 2055–2067.10.1002/hep.22890289354719434726
- Hong, F., Saiman, Y., Si, C., Mosoian, A., Bansal, M. B. (2012). X4 Human iImmunodeficiency virus Type 1 gp120 promotes human hepatic stellate cell activation and collagen I expression through interactions with CXCR4. PLoS One, 7, e33659.10.1371/journal.pone.0033659
- Kaspar, M. B., Sterling, R. K. (2017). Mechanisms of liver disease in patients infected with HIV. BMJ Open Gastro., 4, e000166.10.1136/bmjgast-2017-000166566326329119002
- Kim, H. N., Nance, R., Rompaey, S. V., Delaney, J. C., Crane, H. M., Cachay, E. R., Geng, E., Boswell, S. L., Rodriguez, B., Eron, J., Saag, M., Moore, R. D., Kitahata, M. M. (2016). Poorly controlled HIV infection: An independent risk factor for liver fibrosis. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 72 (4), 437–443.10.1097/QAI.0000000000000992492518926990826
- Kliemann, D. A., Wolff, F. H., Tovo, C. V., Alencastro, P. R., Ikeda, M. L. R., Brandćo, A. B. M., Barcellos, N., Fuchs, S. C. (2016). Biochemical non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis cannot replace biopsy in HIV-HCV coinfected patients. Ann. Hepatol., 15 (1), 27–32.10.5604/16652681.118419726626637
- Chu, P. G., Weiss, L. M. (2002). Keratin expression in human tissues and neoplasms. Histopathology, 40, 403–439.10.1046/j.1365-2559.2002.01387.x12010363
- Kobayashi, N., Kumada, T., Toyoda, H., Tada, T., Ito, T., Kage, M., Okanoue, T., Kudo, M. (2017). Ability of cytokeratin-18 fragments and FIB4 index to diagnose overall and mild fibrosis nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in Japanese nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients. Digestive Dis., 35 (6), 521–530.10.1159/00048014229040984
- Larrousse, M., Laguno, M., Segarra, M., De Lazzari, E., Martínez, E., Luis Blanco, J. L., León, A., Deulofeu, R., Miquel, R., Milinkovic, A., Lonca, M., Miró, J. M., Biglia, A., Murillas, J., Gatell, J. M., Mallolas, J. (2007). Noninvasive diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 46, 304–311.10.1097/QAI.0b013e318152050218172937
- de Lédinghen, V., Barreiro, P., Foucher, J., Labarga, P., Castéra, L., Vispo, M. E., Bernard, P.-H., Martin-Carbonero, L., Neau, D., García-Gascó, P., Merrouche, W., Soriano, V. (2008). Liver fibrosis on account of chronic hepatitis C is more severe in HIV-positive than HIV-negative patients despite antiretroviral therapy. J. Viral Hepat., 15, 427–433.10.1111/j.1365-2893.2007.00962.x18221303
- Maagaard, A., Kvale, D., Scand, J. (2009). Long term adverse effects related to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: Clinical impact of mitochondrial toxicity. Infect Dis, 41 (11–12), 808–817.10.3109/00365540903186181
- Macías, J., Japón, M. A., Sáez, C., Palacios, R. B., Mira, J. A., García-García, J. A., Merchante, N., Vergara, S., Lozano, F., Gómez-Mateos, J., Pineda, J. A. (2005). Increased hepatocyte Fas expression and apoptosis in HIV and hepatitis C virus co-infection. J. Inf. Dis., 192, 1566–1576.10.1086/49173616206071
- Madelāne, M., Krūmiņa, A., Sīmanis, R., Šķenders, Ģ., Ivanovs, A., Stūre, G., Vīksna, L. (2019). Difference in markers of microbial translocation and cell apoptosis in HIV monoinfected and HIV/HCV coinfected patients. Proc. Latvian Acad. Sci., Section B, 73 (4), 304–311.10.2478/prolas-2019-0048
- Marchetti, G., Tincati, C., Silvestri, G. (2013). Microbial translocation in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 26, 2–18.10.1128/CMR.00050-12355366823297256
- Mohsen, A. H., Easterbrook, P. J., Taylor, C., Portmann, B., Kulasegaram, R., Murad, S., Wiselka, M., Norris, S. (2003). Impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the progression of liver fibrosis in hepatitis C virus infected patients. Gut, 52, 1035–1040.10.1136/gut.52.7.1035
- Neuman, M. G., Cohen, L. B., Nanaua R. M. (2016). Hyaluronic acid as a non-invasive biomarker of liver fibrosis. Clin. Biochem., 49, 302–315.10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.07.019
- Noguchi, K., Gel, Y. R., Brunner, E., Konietschke, F. (2012). nparLD: An R software package for the nonparametric analysis of longitudinal data in factorial experiments. J. Statist. Software, 50 (12), 1–23.10.18637/jss.v050.i12
- Nunes, D., Fleming, C., Offner, G., Craven, D., Fix, O., Heeren, T., Koziel, M. J., Graham, C., Tumilty, S., Skolnik, P., Stuver, S., Horsburgh Jr, C. R., Cotton, D. (2010). Noninvasive markers of liver fibrosis are highly predictive of liver-related death in a cohort of HCV-infected individuals with and without HIV infection. Amer. J. Gastroenterol., 105, 1346–1353.10.1038/ajg.2009.746
- Parfieniuk-Kowerda, A., Lapinski, T. W., Rogalska-Plonska, M., Swiderska, M., Panasiuk, A., Jaroszewicz, J., Flisiak, R. (2014). Serum cytochrome c and m30-neoepitope of cytokeratin-18 in chronic hepatitis C. Liver Int, 34, 544–550.10.1111/liv.12297
- Platt, L., Easterbrook, P., Gower, E., McDonald, B., Sabin, K., McGowan, C., Yanny, Razavi, H., Vickerman, P. (2016). Prevalence and burden of HCV co-infection in people living with HIV: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis., 16, 797–808.10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00485-5
- Rockstroh, J. K., Peters, L., Grint, D., Soriano, V., Reiss, P., Monforte, Ad., Beniowski, M., Losso, M. H., Kirk, O., Kupfer, B., Mocroft, A., for EuroSIDA in EuroCoord. (2013). Does hepatitis C viremia or genotype predict the risk of mortality in individuals co-infected with HIV? J. Hepatol., 59 (2), 213–220.10.1016/j.jhep.2013.04.00523583272
- Rohrbach, J., Stickel, F., Schmid, P., Thormann, W., Kovali, H., Scherrer, A., Günthard, H. F., Vuichard, D., Cavassini, M., Ambrosioni, J., Bernasconi, E., Furrer, H., Rauch, A. and the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. (2013). Changes of biomarkers of liver disease during successful combination antiretroviral theraly in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals. Antiviral Ther.,19, 149–159.10.3851/IMP268624036684
- Scherzer, R., Heymsfield, S. B., Rimlanda, D., Rimlanda, D., Powdwrly, W. G., Tien, P. C., Bacchetti, P., Shlipak, M. G., Grunfeld, C. (2017). Association of serum albumin and AST with 5-year all-cause mortality in HIV/HCV coinfection and HIV monoinfection. AIDS, 31 (1), 71–79.10.1097/QAD.0000000000001278512777527677166
- Schmid, P., Bregenzer, A., Huber, M., Rauch, A., Jochum, W., Müllhaupt, B., Vernazza, P., Opravil, M., Weber, R., Swiss HIV Cohort Study. (2015). Progression of liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV co-infection: A comparison between non-invasive assessment methods and liver biopsy. PLoS ONE, 10 (9), e0138838.10.1371/journal.pone.0138838458785926418061
- Selvaraj, S., Ghebremichael, M., Li, M., Foli, Y., Langs-Barlow, A., Ogbuagu, A., Barakat, L., Tubridy, E., Edifor, R., Lam, W., Cheng, Y.-C., Paintsil, E. (2014). Antiretroviral therapy-induced mitochondrial toxicity: Potential mechanisms beyond polymerase-ć inhibition. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 96 (1), 110–120.10.1038/clpt.2014.64406519524637942
- Sterling, R. K., Lissen, E., Clumeck, N., Sola, R., Cassia, M., Correa, M. C., Montaner, J., Sulkowski, M. S., Torriani, F. J., Dieterich, D. T., Thomas, D. L., Messinger, D., Nelson, M. for the APRICOT Clinical Investigators. (2006). Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV/HCV co-infection. Hepatol. Baltim. Md, 43, 1317–1325.10.1002/hep.2117816729309
- Vīksna, L., Keišs, J., Sočņevs, A., Rozentāle, B., Pilmane, M., Sevastjanova N., Buiíe, I., Jēruma, A., Eglīte, J., Ābeltiņa K., Sondore, V. (2009). Novel laboratory tests in assessment of liver function and acute and chronic viral liver diseases. Proc. Latvian Acad. Sci., Section B, 63 (4/5), 228–233.10.2478/v10046-009-0035-4
- Vīksna, L., Ekšteina, I., Madelāne, M., Zeltiņa, I., Krūmiņa, A., Koļesovs, A., Simanis, R. (2019). Markers of liver fibrosis and apoptosis in patients with HIV mono-infection and HIV/HCV co-infection. HIV AIDS Rev., 18 (1), 33–39.10.5114/hivar.2019.84198
- Wilen, C. B., Tilton, J. C., Doms, R. W. (2012). HIV: Cell binding and entry. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 2:a006866.10.1101/cshperspect.a006866