Xenobiotics Induced Liver Toxicity

Technological advancement and industrialization have significantly increased human exposure to xenobiotics, a diverse group of foreign chemical substances with potential toxic effects. Xenobiotics include pharmaceuticals, pesticides, personal care products, industrial chemicals, and environmental pollutants. The liver, as the primary organ responsible for biotransformation, plays a central role in the detoxification and activation of these compounds. However, metabolic processes may generate reactive intermediates that contribute to hepatocellular injury. This review provides a comprehensive overview of xenobiotic classification, mechanisms of hepatic biotransformation, and the molecular pathways underlying xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity. Special emphasis is placed on oxidative stress, reactive metabolite formation, and immune-mediated mechanisms. Clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and current management strategies are also discussed. Understanding these processes is essential for early detection, prevention, and improved therapeutic outcomes in patients with xenobiotic-induced liver injury..