References
- Vaidya SR, Aeddula NR. Chronic Renal Failure. [Updated 2021 Oct 29]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535404/
- Jha V, Garcia-Garcia G, Iseki K, et al. Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives. Lancet. 2013;382(9888):260–272. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60687-X [PubMed: 23727169]
- Webster AC, Nagler EV, Morton RL, Masson P. Chronic Kidney Disease. Lancet. 2017 Mar 25;389(10075):1238-1252. [PubMed]
- Chen TK, Knicely DH, Grams ME. Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis and Management: A Review. JAMA. 2019 Oct 1;322(13):1294-1304. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.14745. PMID: 31573641; PMCID: PMC7015670.
- Kaushik A, Reddy SS, Umesh L, Devi BK, Santana N, Rakesh N. Oral and salivary changes among renal patients undergoing hemodialysis: A cross-sectional study. Indian J Nephrol. 2013;23:125–129. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Google Scholar]
- Abdel Hamid MJ, Dummer CL, Pinto LS. Systemic conditions, oral findings and dental management of chronic renal failure patients: general considerations and case report. Braz Dent J. 2006;17:166–70.
- Srivastava A, Kaze AD, McMullan CJ, Isakova T, Waikar SS. Uric Acid and the Risks of Kidney Failure and Death in Individuals With CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018 Mar;71(3):362-370. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.08.017. Epub 2017 Nov 11. PMID: 29132945; PMCID: PMC5828916.
- Johnson RJ, Nakagawa T, Jalal D, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Kang DH, Ritz E. Uric acid and chronic kidney disease: which is chasing which?. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28(9):2221-2228. doi:10.1093/ndt/gft029
- Chiappin S, Antonelli G, Gatti R, De Palo EF. Saliva specimen: A new laboratory tool for diagnostic and basic investigation. Clin Chim Acta. 2007;383: 30–40. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.04.011 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ivanovski K, Naumovski V, Kostadinova M, Pesevska S, Dirjanska K, Filipce V. Xerostomia and salivary levels of glucose and urea in patients with diabetes. Prilozi. 2012;33: 219–29. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jaiswal A, Madaan S, Acharya N, Kumar S, Talwar D, Dewani D. Salivary Uric Acid: A Noninvasive Wonder for Clinicians? Cureus. 2021 Nov 16;13(11):e19649. doi: 10.7759/cureus.19649. PMID: 34956769; PMCID: PMC8675576.
- Johnson DW, Jones GR, Mathew TH, et al. Chronic kidney disease and measurement of albuminuria or proteinuria: a position statement. Med J Aust. 2012;197(4):224-225. doi:10.5694/mja11.11468
- Guyton AC, Hall JE. The body fluids and kidneys. In: Schmidt W, ed. Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2006:291–415.
- Risteska N, Poposki B, Ivanovski K, Dirjanska K, Ristoska S, Saveski M. Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Periodontal Disease. Pril (Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki). 2021;42(3):89-95. Published 2021 Dec 30. doi:10.2478/prilozi-2021-0039
- Pandya D, Nagrajappa AK, Ravi KS. Assessment and Correlation of Urea and Creatinine Levels in Saliva and Serum of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease, Diabetes and Hypertension- A Research Study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 Oct;10(10):ZC58-ZC62. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/20294.8651. Epub 2016 Oct 1. PMID: 27891460; PMCID: PMC5121806.
- Manley, KJ. (2014). Saliva composition and upper gastrointestinal symptoms in chronic kidney disease. Journal of Renal Care 40( 3): 172–179.
- Lasisi, T.J., Raji, Y.R. & Salako, B.L. Salivary creatinine and urea analysis in patients with chronic kidney disease: a case control study. BMC Nephrol 17, 10 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-016-0222-x
- Peng, Can-hui; Xia, Yun-cheng; Wu, Yong; Zhou, Zhi-fang; Cheng, Ping; Xiao, Ping (2013). Influencing factors for saliva urea and its application in chronic kidney disease. Clinical Biochemistry, 46(3), 275–277. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.10.029
- Rodrigues, R.P.C.B., de Andrade Vieira, W., Siqueira, W.L. et al. Saliva as an alternative to blood in the determination of uremic state in adult patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Invest 24, 2203–2217 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03340-2
- Anuradha BR, Katta S, Kode VS, Praveena C, Sathe N, Sandeep N, Penumarty S. Oral and salivary changes in patients with chronic kidney disease: A clinical and biochemical study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2015 May-Jun;19(3):297-301. doi: 10.4103/0972-124X.154178. PMID: 26229271; PMCID: PMC4520115.
- Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3(1):1–150.
- Navazesh. M, Christensen C.M. A Comparison of Whole Mouth Resting and Stimulated Sali-vary Measurement Procedures. Journal of Dental Research, 1982; 61(10):1158-62
- Friedman and Young. Effects of disease on clinical laboratory tests, 4tht ed. AACC Press, 2001.
- Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 4th ed. Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE. WB Saunders Co, 2005.
- Peake M, Whiting M. Measurement of serum creatinine-current status and future goals. Clin Biochem 2006;27:173-184.
- Young DS. Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests, 5th ed. AACC Press, 2000.
- Erfanpoor S, Etemad K, Kazempour S, Hadaegh F, Hasani J, Azizi F, Parizadeh D, Khalili D. Diabetes, Hypertension, and Incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease: Is There any Multiplicative or Additive Interaction? Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Nov 2;19(1):e101061. doi: 10.5812/ijem.101061. PMID: 33815514; PMCID: PMC8010431.
- SaiKiran PV, Dkv P, Aishwarya DR, Susmitha B. Role of Saliva as an Alternate Body Fluid in Evaluation of Kidney Function. J Assoc Physicians India. 2022;70(4):11-12.
- Xia Y, Peng C, Zhou Z, et al. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2012;37(11):1171-1176. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-7347.2012.11.016
- Bilancio G, Cavallo P, Lombardi C, et al. Saliva for assessing creatinine, uric acid, and potassium in nephropathic patients. BMC Nephrol. 2019;20(1):242. Published 2019 Jul 4. doi:10.1186/s12882-019-1437-4
- Maciejczyk M, Szulimowska J, Skutnik A, Taranta-Janusz K, Wasilewska A, Wiśniewska N, Zalewska A. Salivary Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2018; 7(8):209. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7080209
- Khadka M, Pantha B, Karki L. Correlation of Uric Acid with Glomerular Filtration Rate in Chronic Kidney Disease. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2018 Jul-Aug;56(212):724-727. doi: 10.31729/jnma.3700. PMID: 30387457; PMCID: PMC8827548.
- Tavares LTR, Saavedra-Silva M, López-Marcos JF, Veiga NJ, Castilho RM, Fernandes GVO. Blood and Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers Profile in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review. Diseases. 2022 Feb 17;10(1):12. doi: 10.3390/diseases10010012. PMID: 35225864; PMCID: PMC8883939.
- Cheng P, Xia Y, Peng C, Zhou Z. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2013;38(12):1260-1263. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-7347.2013.12.009
- Pham TAV. Validation of the salivary urea and creatinine tests as screening methods of chronic kidney disease in Vietnamese patients. Acta Odontol Scand. 2017;75(8):551-556. doi:10.108 0/00016357.2017.1356467
- Renda R. Can salivary creatinine and urea levels be used to diagnose chronic kidney disease in children as accurately as serum creatinine and urea levels? A case-control study. Ren Fail. 2017;39(1):452-457. doi:10.1080/088602 2X.2017.1308256
- J. E. Lloyd, A. Broughton, and C. Selby, “Salivary creatinine assays as a potential screen for renal disease,” Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 428–431, 1996.
- Venkatapathy R, Govindarajan V, Oza N, Parameswaran S, Pennagaram Dhanasekaran B, Prashad KV. Salivary creatinine estimation as an alternative to serum creatinine in chronic kidney disease patients. Int J Nephrol. 2014;2014:742724. doi: 10.1155/2014/742724. Epub 2014 Apr 10. PMID: 24818023; PMCID: PMC4003770.
- T. Nakahari, H. Yoshida, and Y. Imai, “Transepithelial fluid shift generated by osmolarity gradients in unstimulated perfused rat submandibular glands,” Experimental Physiology, vol. 81, no. 5, pp. 767–779, 1996.
- Lin TL, Evans RDR, Unwin RJ, Norman JT, Rich PR. Assessment of Measurement of Salivary Urea by ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy to Screen for CKD. Kidney360. 2021;3(2):357-363. Published 2021 Dec 21. doi:10.34067/KID.0004362021