Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Accuracy of test specimens for fungal culture positivity
| Isolate | Sputum versus tissue | Bronchial washing versus tissue | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sn (%) | Sp (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | Sn (%) | Sp (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | |
| Candida sp. | 70.0 | 55.32 | 25.0 | 89.66 | 100.0 | 74.47 | 45.46 | 100.0 |
| Aspergillus sp. | 25.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 77.36 | 50.0 | 95.12 | 80.0 | 82.98 |
| Cryptococcus sp. | 100.0 | 98.21 | 50.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| Epicoccum sp. | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 98.25 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 98.25 |
Characteristics of research subjects
| Variables | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||
| • ≤40 | 5 | 8.77 |
| • >40 | 52 | 91.23 |
| Gender | ||
| • Male | 38 | 66.67 |
| • Female | 19 | 33.33 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||
| • Underweight | 28 | 49.12 |
| • Normoweight | 20 | 35.09 |
| • Overweight | 4 | 7.02 |
| • Obesity class I | 4 | 7.02 |
| • Obesity class II | 1 | 1.75 |
| Smoking status | ||
| • Non-smoker | 19 | 33.33 |
| • Mild brinkman index | 3 | 5.26 |
| • Medium brinkman index | 6 | 10.53 |
| • Severe brinkman index | 29 | 50.88 |
| History of pulmonary disease | ||
| • None | 29 | 50.88 |
| • Former TB | 5 | 8.77 |
| • COPD | 23 | 40.35 |
| Comorbidity | ||
| • None | 38 | 66.67 |
| • Hypertension | 12 | 21.05 |
| • Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 4 | 7.02 |
| • Heart failure | 4 | 7.02 |
| • Stroke | 1 | 1.75 |
| • Autoimmune disease | 1 | 1.75 |
| Drug history | ||
| • None | 17 | 29.82 |
| • Bronchodilators with/without inhaled | 23 | 40.35 |
| corticosteroids | ||
| • Anti-tuberculosis drugs | 5 | 8.77 |
| • Anti-hypertensives | 16 | 28.07 |
| • Anti-diabetics | 4 | 7.02 |
| • Oral corticosteroids | 1 | 1.75 |
| Clinical symptoms | ||
| • Shortness of breath | 23 | 40.35 |
| • Chest pain | 47 | 82.46 |
| • Chronic cough | 48 | 84.21 |
| • Haemoptysis | 5 | 8.77 |
| Cancer pain degree | ||
| • No pain | 10 | 17.54 |
| • Mild | 17 | 29.82 |
| • Moderate | 26 | 45.61 |
| • Severe | 4 | 7.02 |
| Types of thoracic cavity malignancy | ||
| • Lung cancer | 52 | 91.23 |
| • Mediastinal tumour | 2 | 3.51 |
| • Lung tumour metastasis | 3 | 5.26 |
| Pathology anatomy results | ||
| • Cancer type unknown | 16 | 28.07 |
| • Adenocarcinoma | 21 | 36.84 |
| • Squamous cell carcinoma | 14 | 24.56 |
| • Neuroendocrine carcinoma | 3 | 5.26 |
| • Tumour metastasis in lungs | 3 | 5.26 |
| Fungal culture results | ||
| • Positive culture | 44 | 77.19 |
| • Negative culture | 13 | 21.81 |