References
- Campbell ML. Terminal dyspnea and respiratory distress. Critical Care Clinics. 2004;20(3): 403–417. doi:10.1016/j. ccc.2004.03.015.
- Cannon J, Pamplin J, Zonies D, Mason P, Sine C, Cancio L, et al. Acute respiratory failure. Military Medicine. 2018;183(Suppl_2): 123–129. doi:10.1093/milmed/usy151.
- Cabrini L, Landoni G, Bocchino S, Lembo R, Monti G, Greco M, et al. Long-term survival rate in patients with acute respiratory failure treated with noninvasive ventilation in ordinary wards. Critical Care Medicine. 2016;44(12): 2139–2144. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001866.
- Matthay MA, Zemans RL, Zimmerman GA, Arabi YM, Beitler JR, Mercat A, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2019;5(1): 18. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0069-0.
- Owens RL, Derom E, Ambrosino N. Supplemental oxygen and noninvasive ventilation. European Respiratory Review. 2023;32(167): 220159. doi:10.1183/16000617.0159-2022.
- Crimi C, Murphy P, Patout M, Sayas J, Winck JC. Lessons from COVID-19 in the management of acute respiratory failure. Breathe. 2023;19(1): 230035. doi:10.1183/20734735.0035-2023.
- Campbell ML, Templin T, Walch J. A respiratory distress observation scale for patients unable to self-report dyspnea. Journal of Palliative Medicine. 2010;13(3): 285–290. doi:10.1089/jpm.2009.0229.
- Prekker ME, Feemster LC, Hough CL, Carlbom D, Crothers K, Au DH, et al. The epidemiology and outcome of prehospital respiratory distress. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2014;21(5): 543–550. doi:10.1111/acem.12380.
- World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID-19: living guideline [Internet]. WHO; 2023 [cited 25 April 2025]. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582435/
- Rasmin M. Lecture: respiratory distress. History, development, and challenges. Jakarta: 2022.
- Rasmin M, Elhidsi M, Yahya WS. Characteristics and outcomeof acute respiratory failure patients: a cross-sectional study from the National Referral Hospital for respiratory diseases. Pneumologia. 2018;67: 77–81. EID: 2-s2.0-85050739577
- World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report [Internet]. WHO; 2024 [cited 25 April 2025]. Available at https://www. who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024
- Park BD, Faubel S. Acute kidney injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Critical Care Clinics. 2021;37(4): 835–849. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2021.05.007.
- DeVos E, Jacobson L. Approach to adult patients with acute dyspnea. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 2016;34(1): 129–149. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2015.08.008.
- Fujishima S. Guideline-based management of acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Journal of Intensive Care. 2023;11(1): 10. doi:10.1186/s40560-023-00658-3.
- Qadir N, Sahetya S, Munshi L, Summers C, Abrams D, Beitler J, et al. An update on management of adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: an official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2024;209(1): 24–36. doi:10.1164/rccm.202311-2011ST.
- Elhidsi M, Rasmin M, Agustin R, Prasenohadi P. Vital signs and work of breathing assessment in the emergency department as predictor for acute respiratory failure in COVID-19 pneumonia. Signa Vitae. 2024;20(2): 63–69. DOI: 10.22514/sv.2024.017
- Sjödahl Matsson V, Ekström M. Peripheral oxygen saturation misclassifies hypoxemia. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2023;20(7): 1070–1073. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.202208-702RL.
- Rasmin M, Elhidsi M, Prasenohadi P, Putra Yahya W, Sutanto Y, Setijadi A. Underlying diseases and in-hospital mortality of acute respiratory failure patients: Indonesian prospective cohort study. Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine. 2021;12(1): 22–26. doi:10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_127_20.
- Neder JA. Residual exertional dyspnea in cardiopulmonary disease. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2020;17: 1516–1525. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.202004-398FR.
- Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T, Fan E, Brochard L, Esteban A, et al. Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries. JAMA. 2016;315(8): 788–800. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0291.
- Sedhai YR, Yuan M, Ketcham SW, Co I, Claar DD, McSparron JI, et al. Validating measures of disease severity in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2021;18(7): 1211–1218. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.202007-772OC.
- Xu W, Xia S, Wang H, Chen H, Wang Y. Role of platelet activating factor in pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Chinese Medical Journal. 2007;120(20): 1840–1844. doi:10.1097/00029330-200710020-00022.
- Zhang Y, Li B, Ning B. Evaluating IL-6 and IL-10 as rapid diagnostic tools for Gram-negative bacteria and as disease severity predictors in pediatric sepsis patients in the intensive care unit. Frontiers in Immunology. 2022;13: 1043968. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1043968.
- Dhont S, Derom E, Van Braeckel E, Depuydt P, Lambrecht BN. The pathophysiology of ‘happy’ hypoxemia in COVID-19. Respiratory Research. 2020;21: 198. doi:10.1186/s12931-020-01462-5.