Table 1.
Study characteristics table for included studies assessing mortality risk.
| No. | Author, year | Location | Data collection time | Sample size (hypoxaemia patients) | Population | Mean (SD)/median (range) age (years) | Definition of ARF | Cause of ARF | Findings | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency of the non-surv¡ved group | Frequency of the survived group | Percentage (%) | |||||||||
| 1 | Amin et al. (2016) (15) | Jakarta | October 2015–August 2016 | 101 | Patients aged >18 years, diagnosed with ARDS by Berlin criteria | 52.7 (17.2) | PaO2/FiO2≤300 | Not specified | Mild ARDS: 16 Moderate ARDS: 22 Severe ARDS: 15 Total: 53 | Mild ARDS: 28 Moderate ARDS: 14 Severe ARDS: 6 Total: 48 | Mild ARDS: 36.4 Moderate ARDS: 61.1 Severe ARDS: 71.4 Total: 52.48 |
| 2 | Elhidsi et al. (2021) (16) | Jakarta | January 2017–December 2018 | 111 | Patients aged ≥18 years, diagnosed with ARF caused by pulmonary tuberculosis | N/A | PaO2 < 60 mmHg, SpO2 <91% and PaO2/FiO2<300 | Tuberculosis | 53 | 58 | 47.75 |
| 3 | Made Reditya Noviyani et al. (2020) (17) | Bali | January 2018–December 2019 | 60 | Children with ARDS admitted in the PICU during the data collection period | ARDSp: 2 (1–180) months ARDSexp: 6 (1–144) months | PaO2/FiO2<300 | Not specified | ARDSp: 10 ARDSexp: 22 Total: 32 | ARDSp: 20 ARDSexp: 8 Total: 28 | ARDSp: 33.3 ARDSexp: 73.3 Total: 53.33 |
| 4 | Nugraha et al. (2022) (18) | East Java | July–December 2020 | 78 | Patients with the age of ≥18 years, confirmed COVID-19 by PCR test and the PaO2/FiO2 ratio of <300 mmHg were included. | 47.75 (±13.39) years | PaO2/FiO2 < 300 | COVID-19 | Mild ARDS: 1 Moderate ARDS: 9 Severe ARDS: 10 Total: 20 | Mild ARDS: 9 Moderate ARDS: 36 Severe ARDS: 13 Total: 58 | Mild ARDS: 5 Moderate ARDS: 45 Severe ARDS: 50 |
| 5 | Nugrahani et al. (2022) (14) | Central Java | November 2020–September 2021 | 43 | Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 during the data collection period | N/A | SpO2 < 90% | COVID-19 | 31 | 12 | 72 |
| 6 | Rasmin et al. (2018) (8) | Jakarta | January–December 2015 | 69 | Patients aged >18 years, diagnosed with ARF | 51 (15–92) years | PaO2 < 60 mmHg, SaO2 < 91%, PaO2/FiO2 < 300 | Not specified | 28 | 41 | 40.58 |
| 7 | Rasmin et al. (2021) (10) | Jakarta East Java West Sumatera Aceh | January–December 2017 | 228 | Patients aged >17 years, diagnosed with ARF | 56 (20–90) | PaO2<60 mmHg SaO2< 91% PaO2/FiO2<300 | Not specified | 103 | 125 | 45.17 |
| 8 | Valentania et al. (2021) (19) | West Java | May 2020–September 2020 | 67 | Patients aged 1 month–18 years with pneumonia | 23.5 (1–210) months | SpO2< 90% | Pneumonia | 15 | 52 | 22.3 |
1 ARDSexp, Extrapulmonary Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ARDSp, Pulmonary Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome; ARF, acute respiratory failure; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; N/A, Not Applicable; PICU, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SD, Standard Deviation.
Figure 1.
PRISMA 2020 flow diagram of study selection. PRISMA, preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Figure 2.
Forest plot of mortality risk among hypoxaemic ARF. ARF, acute respiratory failure; CI, confidence interval.
Figure 3.
Subgroup analysis of mortality risk among hypoxaemic ARF in the pre-pandemic era. ARF, acute respiratory failure; CI, confidence interval.
Figure 4.
Subgroup analysis of mortality risk among hypoxaemic ARF in the pandemic era. ARF, acute respiratory failure; CI, confidence interval.
Table S1.
Hospital setting and details of mortality risk.
| No. | Author, year | Hospital setting and measurement process | Definition of mortality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Amin et al. (2016) (15) | Hospital setting: Single point, unspecified inpatient setting Treatment prior to measurement: Yes Measurement process: arterial blood gas test Additional information: - | - Mortality type by cause: cause-specific mortality - Mortality type by interval: 28-day mortality |
| 2 | Elhidsi and Rasmin (2021) (16) | Hospital setting: unspecified point at ED Treatment prior to measurement: Yes Measurement process: pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas test Additional information: - | - Mortality type by cause: cause-specific mortality, in-hospital mortality - Mortality type by interval: 30-day mortality |
| 3 | Made Reditya Noviyani et al. (2020) (17) | Hospital setting: Single point at the PICU Treatment prior to measurement: Yes Measurement process: pulse oximetry or arterial blood gas test Additional information: - | - Mortality type by cause: cause-specific mortality - Mortality type by interval: N/A |
| 4 | Nugraha et al. (2022) (18) | Hospital setting: Single point at ICU Treatment prior to measurement: Yes Measurement process: arterial blood gas test Additional information: - | - Mortality type by cause: cause-specific mortality - Mortality type by interval: 28-day mortality |
| 5 | Nugrahani and Fauzi (2022) (14) | Hospital setting: unspecified point, Non-ICU and ICU setting Treatment prior to measurement: N/A Measurement process: pulse oximetry Additional information: - | - Mortality type by cause: cause-specific mortality - Mortality type by interval: N/A |
| 6 | Rasmin et al. (2018) (8) | Hospital setting: unspecified point, unspecified inpatient setting Treatment prior to measurement: Yes Measurement process: arterial blood gas test Additional information: - | - Mortality type by cause: cause-specific mortality, in-hospital mortality - Mortality type by interval: N/A |
| 7 | Rasmin et al. (2021) (10) | Hospital setting: Single point, unspecified inpatient settingb Treatment prior to measurement: Yes (initial treatment at the ED) Measurement process: pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas test Additional information: - | - Cause of the mortality: cause-specific mortality, in-hospital mortality - Interval of mortality: unspecified interval |
| 8 | Valentania et al. (2021) (19) | Hospital setting: Single point, unspecified inpatient setting Treatment prior to measurement: N/A Measurement process: Pulse oximetry Additional information: - | - Cause of the mortality: cause-specific mortality, in-hospital mortality - Interval of mortality: unspecified interval |
Table S2.
Full search terms for journal databases.
| Database | Keyword |
|---|---|
| MEDLINE | ((“hypoxaemia”[All Fields] OR “hypoxia”[MeSH Terms] OR “hypoxia”[All Fields] OR “hypoxemia”[All Fields] OR “hypoxemias”[All Fields] OR (“hypoxaemia”[All Fields] OR “hypoxia”[MeSH Terms] OR “hypoxia”[All Fields] OR “hypoxemia”[All Fields] OR “hypoxemias”[All Fields]) OR (“hypoxia”[MeSH Terms] OR “hypoxia”[All Fields] OR “hypoxias”[All Fields] OR “hypoxias”[All Fields]) OR (‘hypoxia”[MeSH Terms] OR ‘hypoxia”[All Fields] OR ‘anoxemia”[All Fields]) OR (‘hypoxia”[MeSH Terms] OR “hypoxia”[All Fields] OR “anoxia”[All Fields]) OR (“hypoxia”[MeSH Terms] OR “hypoxia”[All Fields] OR (“oxygen”[All Fields] AND “deficiencies”[All Fields]) OR “oxygen deficiencies”[All Fields]) OR (“hypoxia”[MeSH Terms] OR “hypoxia”[All Fields] OR (“oxygen”[All Fields] AND “deficiency”[All Fields]) OR “oxygen deficiency”[All Fields])) AND (Indonesia)) AND ((((((((Prevalence) OR (Prevalences)) OR (Period Prevalences)) OR (Period Prevalence)) OR (Point Prevalences)) OR (Point Prevalence)) OR (((((((((((((((Incidence) OR (Secondary Attack Rate)) OR (Secondary Attack Rates)) OR (Cumulative Incidence)) OR (Cumulative Incidences)) OR (Attack Rates)) OR (Attack Rate)) OR (Incidence Proportion)) OR (Incidence Proportions)) OR (Incidences)) OR (Person-time Rate)) OR (Incidence Rate)) OR (Person time Rate)) OR (Incidence Rates)) OR (Person-time Rates))) OR ((((((((((((((((((((((((Mortality risk) OR (Age-Specific Death Rate)) OR (Age-Specific Death Rates)) OR (Age Specific Death Rate)) OR (Excess Mortality)) OR (Excess Mortalities)) OR (Mortality Determinant)) OR (Mortality Determinants)) OR (Differential Mortality)) OR (Differential Mortalities)) OR (CFR Case Fatality Rate)) OR (Case Fatality Rate)) OR (Case Fatality Rates)) OR (Mortalities)) OR (Crude Death Rate)) OR (Crude Mortality Rates)) OR (Crude Death Rates)) OR (Crude Mortality Rate)) OR (Mortality Rate)) OR (Mortality Rates)) OR (Death Rate)) OR (Death Rates)) OR (Mortality Declines)) OR (Mortality Decline))) |
| Embase | #1 Hypoxaemia OR Hypoxemia OR Hypoxia OR Anoxemia OR Anoxia OR ‘Oxygen Deficiencies’ OR ‘Oxygen Deficiency’ |
| #2 Prevalence OR Prevalences OR ‘Period Prevalences’ OR ‘Period Prevalence’ OR ‘Prevalence, Period’ OR ‘Point Prevalences’ OR ‘Prevalence, Point’ OR ‘Point Prevalence’ | |
| #3 Incidence OR ‘Secondary Attack Rate’ OR ‘Rate, Secondary Attack’ OR ‘Secondary Attack Rates’ OR ‘Attack Rate, Secondary’ OR ‘Proportion, Incidence’ OR ‘Incidence, Cumulative’ OR ‘Cumulative Incidence’ OR ‘Cumulative Incidences’ OR ‘Attack Rates’ OR ‘Attack Rate’ OR ‘Incidence Proportion’ OR ‘Incidence Proportions’ OR ‘Rate, Attack’ OR Incidences OR ‘Person-time Rate’ OR ‘Rate, Incidence’ OR ‘Incidence Rate’ OR ‘Rate, Person-time’ OR ‘Person time Rate’ OR ‘Incidence Rates’ OR ‘Person-time Rates’ | |
| #4 ‘Mortality risk’ OR ‘Age-Specific Death Rate’ OR ‘Death Rate, Age-Specific’ OR ‘Age-Specific Death Rates’ OR ‘Age Specific Death Rate’ OR ‘Rate, Age-Specific Death’ OR ‘Excess Mortality’ OR ‘Excess Mortalities’ OR ‘Mortality, Excess’ OR ‘Mortality Determinant’ OR ‘Determinants, Mortality’ OR ‘Mortality Determinants’ OR ‘Determinant, Mortality’ OR ‘Mortality, Differential’ OR ‘Differential Mortality’ OR ‘Differential Mortalities’ OR ‘Rates, Case Fatality’ OR ‘CFR’ OR ‘Case Fatality Rate’ OR ‘Rate, Case Fatality’ OR ‘Case Fatality Rate’ OR ‘Case Fatality Rates’ OR Mortalities OR ‘Crude Death Rate’ OR ‘Crude Mortality Rates’ OR ‘Rate, Crude Death’ OR ‘Crude Death Rates’ OR ‘Death Rate, Crude’ OR ‘Mortality Rate, Crude’ OR ‘Crude Mortality Rate’ OR ‘Rate, Crude Mortality’ OR ‘Mortality Rate’ OR ‘Rate, Death’ OR ‘Mortality Rates’ OR ‘Death Rate’ OR ‘Rate, Mortality’ OR ‘Death Rates’ OR ‘Mortality Declines’ OR ‘Decline, Mortality’ OR ‘Mortality Decline’ | |
| #5 #2 OR #3 OR #4 | |
| #6 Indonesia | |
| #1 AND #5 AND #6 | |
| CENTRAL | #1 ((((((Hypoxaemia) OR (Hypoxemia)) OR (Hypoxia)) OR (Anoxemia)) OR (Anoxia)) OR (Oxygen Deficiencies)) OR (Oxygen Deficiency) |
| #2 Indonesia | |
| #3 (((((Prevalence) OR (Prevalences)) OR (Period Prevalences)) OR (Period Prevalence)) OR (Point Prevalences)) OR (Point Prevalence) | |
| #4 ((((((((((((((Incidence) OR (Secondary Attack Rate)) OR (Secondary Attack Rates)) OR (Cumulative Incidence)) OR (Cumulative Incidences)) OR (Attack Rates)) OR (Attack Rate)) OR (Incidence Proportion)) OR (Incidence Proportions)) OR (Incidences)) OR (Person-time Rate)) OR (Incidence Rate)) OR (Person time Rate)) OR (Incidence Rates)) OR (Person-time Rates) | |
| #5 (((((((((((((((((((((((Mortality risk) OR (Age-Specific Death Rate)) OR (Age-Specific Death Rates)) OR (Age Specific Death Rate)) OR (Excess Mortality)) OR (Excess Mortalities)) OR (Mortality Determinant)) OR (Mortality Determinants)) OR (Differential Mortality)) OR (Differential Mortalities)) OR (CFR Case Fatality Rate)) OR (Case Fatality Rate)) OR (Case Fatality Rates)) OR (Mortalities)) OR (Crude Death Rate)) OR (Crude Mortality Rates)) OR (Crude Death Rates)) OR (Crude Mortality Rate)) OR (Mortality Rate)) OR (Mortality Rates)) OR (Death Rate)) OR (Death Rates)) OR (Mortality Declines)) OR (Mortality Decline) | |
| #6 (((((((Prevalence) OR (Prevalences)) OR (Period Prevalences)) OR (Period Prevalence)) OR (Point Prevalences)) OR (Point Prevalence)) OR (((((((((((((((Incidence) OR (Secondary Attack Rate)) OR (Secondary Attack Rates)) OR (Cumulative Incidence)) OR (Cumulative Incidences)) OR (Attack Rates)) OR (Attack Rate)) OR (Incidence Proportion)) OR (Incidence Proportions)) OR (Incidences)) OR (Person-time Rate)) OR (Incidence Rate)) OR (Person time Rate)) OR (Incidence Rates)) OR (Person-time Rates))) OR ((((((((((((((((((((((((Mortality risk) OR (Age-Specific Death Rate)) OR (Age-Specific Death Rates)) OR (Age Specific Death Rate)) OR (Excess Mortality)) OR (Excess Mortalities)) OR (Mortality Determinant)) OR (Mortality Determinants)) OR (Differential Mortality)) OR (Differential Mortalities)) OR (CFR Case Fatality Rate)) OR (Case Fatality Rate)) OR (Case Fatality Rates)) OR (Mortalities)) OR (Crude Death Rate)) OR (Crude Mortality Rates)) OR (Crude Death Rates)) OR (Crude Mortality Rate)) OR (Mortality Rate)) OR (Mortality Rates)) OR (Death Rate)) OR (Death Rates)) OR (Mortality Declines)) OR (Mortality Decline)) | |
| #1 AND #2 AND #6 | |
| Scopus | (ALL((Hypoxaemia OR Hypoxemia OR Hypoxia OR Anoxemia OR Anoxia OR (Oxygen Deficiencies) OR (Oxygen Deficiency))) AND ALL((Prevalence OR Prevalences OR (Period Prevalences) OR (Period Prevalence) OR (Prevalence, Period) OR (Point Prevalences) OR (Prevalence, Point) OR (Point Prevalence) OR Incidence OR (Secondary Attack Rate) OR (Rate, Secondary Attack) OR (Secondary Attack Rates) OR (Attack Rate, Secondary) OR (Proportion, Incidence) OR (Incidence, Cumulative) OR (Cumulative Incidence) OR (Cumulative Incidences) OR (Attack Rates) OR (Attack Rate) OR (Incidence Proportion) OR (Incidence Proportions) OR (Rate, Attack) OR Incidences OR (Person-time Rate) OR (Rate, Incidence) OR (Incidence Rate) OR (Rate, Person-time) OR (Person time Rate) OR (Incidence Rates) OR (Person-time Rates) OR (Mortality risk) OR (Age-Specific Death Rate) OR (Death Rate, Age-Specific) OR (Age-Specific Death Rates) OR (Age Specific Death Rate) OR (Rate, Age-Specific Death) OR (Excess Mortality) OR (Excess Mortalities) OR (Mortality, Excess) OR (Mortality Determinant) OR (Determinants, Mortality) OR (Mortality Determinants) OR (Determinant, Mortality) OR (Mortality, Differential) OR (Differential Mortality) OR (Differential Mortalities) OR (Rates, Case Fatality) OR (CFR) OR (Case Fatality Rate) OR (Rate, Case Fatality) OR (Case Fatality Rate) OR (Case Fatality Rates) OR Mortalities OR (Crude Death Rate) OR (Crude Mortality Rates) OR (Rate, Crude Death) OR (Crude Death Rates) OR (Death Rate, Crude) OR (Mortality Rate, Crude) OR (Crude Mortality Rate) OR (Rate, Crude Mortality) OR (Mortality Rate) OR (Rate, Death) OR (Mortality Rates) OR (Death Rate) OR (Rate, Mortality) OR (Death Rates) OR (Mortality Declines) OR (Decline, Mortality) OR (Mortality Decline))) AND ALL(Indonesia)) |
Table S3.
JBI risk of bias assessment of prevalence studies.
| No. | Author, year | Outcome | Was the sample frame appropriate to address the target population? | Were study participants sampled in an appropriate way? | Was the sample size adequate? | Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail? | Was the data analysis conducted with sufficient coverage of the identified sample? | Were valid methods used for the identification of the condition? | Was the condition measured in a standard, reliable way for all participants? | Was there an appropriate statistical analysis? | Was the response rate adequate, and if not, was the low response rate managed appropriately? | Overall appraisal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Amin et al. (2016) (15) | Mortality risk | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| 2 | Elhidsi et al. (2021) (16) | Mortality risk | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| 3 | Made Reditya Noviyani et al., (2020) (17) | Mortality risk | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| 4 | Nugraha et al. (2022) (18) | Mortality risk | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| 5 | Nugrahani and Fauzi (2022) (14) | Prevalence/incidence, mortality risk | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Excluded from quantitative analysis due to inadequate sample size |
| 6 | Rasmin et al. (2018) (8) | Mortality risk | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| 7 | Rasmin et al. (2021) (10) | Mortality risk | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| 8 | Valentania et al. (2021) (19) | Prevalence/incidence, mortality risk | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |