Table 1.
Risk factor of SAP.
| Modifiable | Non-modifiable |
|---|---|
| Atrial fibrillation | Age |
| Hypertension | Gender |
| CHF | Stroke type |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | Stroke severity |
| Renal failure | Brain lesion location |
| Anaemia | |
| Diabetes mellitus | |
| Mechanical ventilation | |
| Nasogastric tube |
Table 2.
Components of clinical scoring systems for predicting SAP (20).
| A2DS2 | ISAN | AIS-APS | Kwon | PANTHERIS | Chumbler | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male) | +1 | +1 | +1 | |||
| Age (years) | +1 (≥75) | +3 (60–69) | +2 (60–69) | +1 (≥65) | +1 (60–80) | +2 (>70) |
| +4 (70–79) | +5 (70-79) | +2 (>80) | ||||
| +6 (80–89) | +7 (≥80) | |||||
| +8 (≥90) | ||||||
| Mechanical ventilation | +1 | |||||
| Atrial fibrillation | +1 | +1 | ||||
| CHF | +3 | |||||
| COPD | +3 | |||||
| Current smoking | +1 | |||||
| Dysphagia | +2 | +3 | +1 | +4 | ||
| Past medical history of pneumonia | +4 | |||||
| NIHSS | +3 (5–15) | +4 (5–15) | +2 (5–9) | +1 (≥11) | +1 (per 3 increase) | |
| +5 (≥16) | +8 (16–20) | +5 (9–14) | ||||
| +10 (≥21) | +8 (≥15) | |||||
| Found down at symptom onset | +3 | |||||
| mRS (perstroke) | +2 (2–5) | +2 (≥3) | ||||
| GCS | +3 (3–8) | +2 (9–12) | ||||
| +5 (3–8) | ||||||
| WBC (×109/L) | +3 (>11) | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure (within 24 h after admission) | +2 (>200 mmHg) | |||||
| OCSP (TACI/POCI) | +2 | |||||
| Admission glucose (mmol/L) | +2 (≥11.1) | |||||
| Total score | 0–10 | 0–21 | 0–35 | 0–5 | 0–12 | 0–27 |
1 A2DS2, age, atrial fibrillation, dysphagia, sex, stroke severity; AIS-APS, acute ischaemic stroke-associated pneumonia score; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ISAN, prestroke independence, sex, age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; OCSP, Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project; PANTHERIS, preventive antibacterial therapy in acute ischaemic stroke; POCI, Posterior Circulation Infarcts; SAP, stroke-associated pneumonia; TACI, total anterior circulation infarcts; WBC, white blood cell.
Table 3.
Main pathogenic microorganism (35–37).
| Early-Onset SAP | Late-Onset SAP |
|---|---|
| Staphylococcus aureus | Staphylococcus aureus |
| Streptococcal pneumoniae | Streptococcal pneumoniae |
| Haemophilus influenzae | Enterobacter cloacae |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | Escherichia coli |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
| Acinetobacter baumannii |