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Comparing triggers and comorbidities of acute exacerbations in COPD: Smokers versus non-smokers Cover

Comparing triggers and comorbidities of acute exacerbations in COPD: Smokers versus non-smokers

Open Access
|Jul 2025

Figures & Tables

Association of occupation with smoker and non-smoker COPD patients_

OccupationCOPD patients TotalP-value
Non-smoker (%)Smoker (%)
Farmer15 (41.7)19 (55.9)34 (48.6)0.09
Housewife11 (30.6)8 (23.5)19 (27.1)
Labour10 (27.8)4 (11.8)14 (20.0)
Tailor0 (0.0)3 (8.8)3 (4.3)
Total36 (100.0)34 (100.0)70 (100.0)

Comparison of pre- and post-bronchodilator PFT parameters between smokers and non-smokers COPD patients_

CharacteristicsGroupNMeanSDSEMtP- value
Pre-bronchodilator
FVC% (P)Non-smoker3658.649.331.560.170.866 (NS)
Smoker3458.269.081.56
FEV1/FVC%Non-smoker3663.798.181.36-0.940.354 (NS)
Smoker3480.56103.8117.80
Post-bronchodilator
FEV1%Non-smoker3642.179.881.65-1.110.272
Smoker3444.9110.841.86
FVC%Non-smoker3662.927.711.280.860.393
Smoker3461.327.791.34
FEV1/FVC%Non-smoker3664.289.471.58-1.180.243
Smoker3466.768.081.39

Comparison of GOLD staging in smoker and non-smoker COPD patients_

GOLD gradesNon-smoker (n = 36)Smoker (n = 34)TotalOdds ratio95% C.I.P-value
Moderate12 (33.3%)9 (26.5%)21 (30.0%)1--
Severe23 (63.9%)24 (70.6%)47 (67.1%)1.390.49–3.920.60
Very severe1 (2.8%)1 (2.9%)2 (2.9%)1.330.07–24.311.00

Association of symptoms and comorbidities in smoker and non-smoker COPD patients_

CharacteristicsNon-smoker (n = 36)Smoker (n = 34)TotalP-valueOdds ratio (95% C.I.
Symptoms
Breathlessness36 (100.0%)34 (100.0%)70 (100.0%)--
Cough with expectoration36 (100.0%)33 (97.1%)69 (98.6%)0.48-
Fever24 (66.7%)27 (79.4%)51 (72.9%)0.176-
Wheeze19 (52.8%)14 (41.2%)33 (47.1%)0.232-
Swelling on both legs17 (47.2%)15 (44.1%)32 (45.7%)0.492-
Chest pain15 (41.7%)21 (61.8%)36 (51.4%)0.074-
Comorbidities
Absent (score 0–1)18 (50.0%)24 (70.6%)42 (60.0%)-1
Low (score 2)14 (38.9%)7 (20.6%)21 (30.0%)0.072.66 (0.89–7.63)
High (score ≥3)4 (11.1%)3 (8.8%)7 (10.0%)0.381.77 (0.35–8.95)

Comparison of various scores between smokers and non-smokers COPD patients_

CharacteristicsGroupNMeanSDSEMtP-value
Exacerbation in the previous yearNon-smoker361.250.870.150.730.47
Smoker341.061.280.22
mMRC dyspnoea scoreNon-smoker363.280.780.13-3.210.002
Smoker343.760.430.07
CCQNon-smoker364.100.830.14-2.290.025
Smoker344.540.760.13
CAT scoreNon-smoker3631.175.360.89-1.220.227
Smoker3432.715.200.89
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pneum-2025-0015 | Journal eISSN: 2247-059X | Journal ISSN: 2067-2993
Language: English
Page range: 95 - 104
Published on: Jul 23, 2025
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: Volume open

© 2025 Anil Sontakke, Preetam Dhande, Rajasi Bundale, Saood Ali, Harshal Ital, Hrishikesh Gaikwad, published by Romanian Society of Pneumology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.