Table 1
Diagnosis of airflow obstruction according to Pneumobile Project, Indonesia.
| FEV1 predicted (%) | FEV1/FVC (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Normal airflow | ≥80 | ≥76 |
| Airflow obstruction | <80 | >76 |
[i] FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity.
Table 2
Clinical and physiological characteristics of smokers with COPD vs healthy smokers
| Male smokers with COPD | Male healthy smokers | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (SD) (years) | 64.5 (8.6) | 61.6 (9.5) | 0.79 |
| Brinkman Index (SD) | 409.6 (199.22) | 426.14 (243.14) | 0.632 |
| FEV1* (SD) | 55.40 (20.47) | 103.81 (20.07) | 0.000 |
| FVC* (SD) | 74.50 (19.49) | 94.64 (16.18) | 0.000 |
| FEV1/FVC (SD) | 73.24 (14.51) | 110.64 (18.64) | 0.000 |
[i] *Percentage of predicted value.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity.
Table 3
Plasma EGF levels in COPD smokers vs. healthy smokers.
| Group | N | Mean (pg/mL) | SD | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| COPD smokers | 82 | 69.305 | 61.452 | 0.046 |
| Healthy smokers | 86 | 83.822 | 63.927 |
[i] COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EGF, epidermal growth factor.
Figure 1
Distribution of EGF values in subgroups of patients EGF, epidermal growth factor.
Table 4
Univariate analysis for plasma EGF levels and potential confounding variables.
| Variables | N | Mean plasma level of EGF (SD) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Airflow limitation severity | |||
| GOLD 1 (mild) | 10 | 120.43 (76.59) | 0.004 |
| GOLD 2–4 (moderate–very severe) | 72 | 62.204 (56.08) | |
| Sputum production | |||
| Nonspontaneous | 35 | 81.50 (64.56) | 0.122 |
| Spontaneous | 42 | 60.22(58.06) | |
| COPD exacerbation in previous year | |||
| No exacerbation | 50 | 76.35(63.02) | 0.138 |
| Exacerbation | 32 | 58.29 (58.17) |
[i] COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EGF, epidermal growth factor; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.