References
- 1. Abrha, M. G., & Simhadri, S. (2015). Local climate trends and farmers’ perceptions in Southern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 11(4), 262–277. doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.262.277.10.3844/ajessp.2015.262.277
- 2. Aizebeokhai, A.P., (2009). Global warming and climate change: Realities, uncertainties and measures. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 4(13): 868-879.
- 3. Ajuang, C. O., Abuom, P. O., Bosire, E. K., Dida, G. O., & Anyona, D. N. (2016). Determinants of climate change awareness level in upper Nyakach Division, Kisumu County, Kenya. SpringerPlus, 5(1). doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2699-y.10.1186/s40064-016-2699-y493883327441134
- 4. Alam, G. M. M., Alam, K., & Mushtaq, S. (2017). Climate change perceptions and local adaptation strategies of hazard-prone rural households in Bangladesh. Climate Risk Management, 17, 52–63. doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.06.006.10.1016/j.crm.2017.06.006
- 5. Ali, A., & Erenstein, O. (2017). Assessing farmer use of climate change adaptation practices and impacts on food security and poverty in Pakistan. Climate Risk Management, 16, 183–194. doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2016.12.001.10.1016/j.crm.2016.12.001
- 6. Amare, A., & Simane, B. (2017). Determinants of smallholder farmers’ decision to adopt adaptation options to climate change and variability in the Muger Sub basin of the Upper Blue Nile basin of Ethiopia. Agriculture and Food Security, 6(1), 1–20. doi.org/10.1186/s40066-017-0144-2.10.1186/s40066-017-0144-2
- 7. Arbuckle, J., Gordon Jr., Morton, L. W., & Hobs, J. (2013). Farmer beliefs and concerns about climate change. Climate Change, 118:551–563. doi.org/doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0700-0.10.1007/s10584-013-0700-0
- 8. Asayehegn, K., Temple, L., Sanchez, B., & Iglesias, A. (2017). Perception of climate change and farm level adaptation choices in central Kenya. Cahiers Agricultures, 26(2), 1–10. doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2017007.10.1051/cagri/2017007
- 9. Asrat, P., & Simane, B. (2018). Farmers ‘ perception of climate change and adaptation strategies in the Dabus Watershed, North-West Ethiopia. Ecological Processes, 7(7). doi.org/10.1186/s13717-018-0118-8.10.1186/s13717-018-0118-8
- 10. Bagagnan, A. R., Ouedraogo, I., Fonta, W. M., & Sowe, M. (2019). Can Protection Motivation Theory Explain Farmers’ Adaptation to Climate Change Decision Making in The Gambia. Climate, 7(13): 1–14. doi.org/10.3390/cli7010013.10.3390/cli7010013
- 11. Bekalo, T. H., Woodmatas, S. D., & Woldemariam, Z. A. (2009). An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by local people in the lowlands of Konta Special Woreda, southern nations, nationalities and peoples regional state, Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 5(26). doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-5-26.10.1186/1746-4269-5-26276463719775482
- 12. Belay, A., Recha, J. W., Woldeamanuel, T., & Morton, J. F. (2017). Smallholder farmers’ adaptation to climate change and determinants of their adaptation decisions in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Agriculture and Food Security, 6(1), 1–13. doi.org/10.1186/s40066-017-0100-1.10.1186/s40066-017-0100-1
- 13. Berhanu, W., Beyene, F. (2015). Climate variability and household adaptation strategies in southern Ethiopia. Sustainability, 7(6): 6353–6375. doi.org/10.3390/su7066353.10.3390/su7066353
- 14. Berhe, M., Hoag, D., Tesfay, G., Tadesse, T., Oniki, S., Kagatsume, M., & Keske, C. M. H. (2017). The effects of adaptation to climate change on income of households in rural Ethiopia. Pastoralism, 7(12): 1-15. doi.org/10.1186/s13570-017-0084-2.10.1186/s13570-017-0084-2
- 15. Bockarjova, M., & Steg, L. (2014). Can Protection Motivation Theory predict pro-environmental behavior? Explaining the adoption of electric vehicles in the Netherlands. Global Environmental Change, 28: 276–288. 276–288. doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.010.10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.010
- 16. Cismaru, M., Cismaru, R., Ono, T., & Nelson, K. (2011). Act on Climate Change : An Application of Protection Motivation Theory. Social Marketing Quarterly, 17(62). https://doi.org/10.1080/15245004.2011.595539.10.1080/15245004.2011.595539
- 17. CRGE, (2011). Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Environmental Protection Authority. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 18. CSA. (2013). Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia. Population projection of Ethiopia for all regions at woreda level: PP. 2014-2017. Report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 19. Debela, N., Mohammed, C., Bridle, K., Corkrey, R., & Mcneil, D. (2015). Perception of climate change and its impact by smallholders in pastoral / agropastoral systems of Borana, South Ethiopia. Springer Plus, 4. doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1012-9.10.1186/s40064-015-1012-9445659926069875
- 20. Deressa, T., Hassen, R.M., Alemu, T., Yesuf, M., & Ringler, C. (2009). Determinants of farmers’ choice of adaptation methods to climate change in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia. Global Environmental, 19: 248-255. doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.01.002.10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.01.002
- 21. Elum, Z. A., Modise, D. M., & Marr, A. (2016). Farmer’ perception of climate change and responsive strategies in three selected provinces of South Africa. Climate Risk Management, 16: 246-257. doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2016.11.001.10.1016/j.crm.2016.11.001
- 22. Erena, N., & Gemechu, A. (2016). Analysis on Determinants of Adaptation Options to Climate Change of Maize Smallholder Farmers in the South Eastern part of Ethiopia. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 6(17): 32–50, Retrieved 15 May, 2019 from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9dff/e6049a1573629528353f44491720fb796ece.pd.
- 23. Feleke, F. B., Berhe, M., Gebru, G., & Hoag, D. (2016). Determinants of adaptation choices to climate change by sheep and goat farmers in Northern Ethiopia: the case of Southern and Central Tigray, Ethiopia. SpringerPlus. doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3042-3.10.1186/s40064-016-3042-3504545627752459
- 24. Harun, R., Jamalani, M. A., Elawad, R. E., & Fallah, M. (2014). Perception of and adaptation to climate change by farmers in the semi-arid zone of North-eastern Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 8(11), 52–57, Retrieved 15 May, 2019 from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c726/31622d46891099298b2973ff138cff8776d4.pdf.10.9790/2402-081115257
- 25. Hunt, A., & Watkiss, P. (2011). Climate change impacts and adaptation in cities: A review of the literature. Climatic Change, 104(1), 13–49. doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9975-6.10.1007/s10584-010-9975-6
- 26. Huq, N., Hugé, J., Boon, E., & Gain, A. K. (2015). Climate Change Impacts in Agricultural Communities in Rural Areas of Coastal Bangladesh: A Tale of Many Stories. Sustainability, 7: 8437–8460. doi.org/10.3390/su7078437.10.3390/su7078437
- 27. Ihemezie, E. J., Onunka, C. N., & Nnaji, A. P. (2018). Drivers and socioeconomic factors influencing individual and household adaptation to climate change : A case study of residents of Leeds, UK. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 10(9): 279–291. doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2018.0956.10.5897/JDAE2018.0956
- 28. IPCC. (2001). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerablity. Cambrige University Press: UK. Retrieved 15 May, 2019 from https://library.harvard.edu/collections/ipcc/docs/27_WGIITAR_FINAL.pdf.
- 29. IPCC. (2007). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate change 2007: Synthesis report, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 15 May, 2019 from http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/frontmatter.html (link is external).
- 30. Janmaimool, P. (2017). Application of Protection Motivation Theory to Investigate Sustainable Waste Management Behaviors. Sustainability, 9(1079), 1–16. doi.org/10.3390/su9071079.10.3390/su9071079
- 31. Keshavarz, M., & Karami, E. (2016). Farmers’ pro-environmental behavior under drought : Application of protection motivation theory. Journal of Arid Environments, 127, 128–136. doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.11.010.10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.11.010
- 32. Kibue, G. W., Pan, G., Joseph, S., Xiaoyu, L., Jufeng, Z., Zhang, X., & Li, L. (2015). More than two decades of climate change alarm: Farmers knowledge, attitudes and perceptions. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(27), 2617–2625. doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2013.8350.10.5897/AJAR2013.8350
- 33. Limantol, A. M., Keith, B. E., Azabre, B. A., & Lennartz, B. (2016). Farmers’ perception and adaptation practice to climate variability and change: a case study of the Vea catchment in Ghana. SpringerPlus, 5(1). doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2433-9.10.1186/s40064-016-2433-9491751227386279
- 34. Locatelli, B. (2011). Climate Change and Forests in the Congo Basin: Synergies between Adaptation and Mitigation. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Retrieved from 15 May, 2019 from https://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/fileupload/cobam/ENGLISHDefinitions%26ConceptualFramework.pdf.
- 35. Luu, T. A., Nguyen, A. T., Trinh, Q. A., Pham, V. T., Le, B. B., Nguyen, D. T., Hens, L. (2019). Farmers ‘ Intention to Climate Change Adaptation in Agriculture in the Red River Delta Biosphere Reserve (Vietnam): A Combination of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). Sustainability, 11(2993). Retrieved 15 May, 2019 from https://doi.org/doi:10.3390/su11102993.10.3390/su11102993
- 36. Maddux, J.E., & Rogers, R. W. (1983). Protection Motivation and Self-Efficacy: A Revised Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 469–479.10.1016/0022-1031(83)90023-9
- 37. Mubaya, C. P., & Mafongoya, P. (2017). Local-level climate change adaptation decision-making and livelihoods in semi-arid areas in Zimbabwe. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19(6):2377-2403. doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9861-0.10.1007/s10668-016-9861-0
- 38. Osberghaus, D., Finkel, E., Pohl, M., Osberghaus, D., Finkel, E., & Pohl, M. (2010). Individual Adaptation to Climate Change : The Role of Information and Perceived Risk. Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper No. 10 - 61. Mannheim, Germany. Retrieved 15 May, 2019 from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1674840.10.2139/ssrn.1674840
- 39. Rahmstorf, S., Foster, G., & Cahill, N. (2017). Global temperature evolution : recent trends and some pitfalls. Environmental Research Letters, 12(5). Retrieved 15 May, 2019 from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6825/meta.10.1088/1748-9326/aa6825
- 40. Shikuku, K. M., Winowiecki, L., Twyman, J., Eitzinger, A., Perez, J. G., Mwongera, C., & Läderach, P. (2017). Climate Risk Management Smallholder farmers ‘ attitudes and determinants of adaptation to climate risks in East Africa. Climate Risk Management, 16, 234–245. doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.03.001.10.1016/j.crm.2017.03.001
- 41. Suryabhagavan, K. V. (2017). GIS-based climate variability and drought characterization in Ethiopia over three decades. Weather and Climate Extremes, 15: 11–23. doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2016.11.005.10.1016/j.wace.2016.11.005
- 42. Tarigan, S. & Faqih, A. (2019). Impact of changes in climate and land use on the future streamflow fluctuation : case study Merangin Tembesi Watershed, JAMBI Province, Indonesia. Journal of Natural resources and Environmental Management, 9(1), 181–189. doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.9.1.181-189.10.29244/jpsl.9.1.181-189
- 43. Tazeze, A., Haji, J., & Ketema, M. (2012). Climate Change Adaptation Strategies of Smallholder Farmers : The Case of Babilie District, East Harerghe Zone of Oromia Regional State of Ethio. J. Economics and Sustainable Development, 3(14). Retrieved 15 May, 2019 from https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEDS/article/view/3718.
- 44. Temesgen, D., Yehualashet, H., & Rajan, D. S. (2014). Climate change adaptations of smallholder farmers in South Eastern Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 6(11), 354–366. doi.org/10.5897/JAERD14.0577.10.5897/JAERD14.0577
- 45. Tesso, G., Emana, B., & Ketema, M. (2012). Analysis of vulnerability and resilience to climate change induced shocks in North Shewa, Ethiopia. Agricultural Sciences, 03(06), 871–888. doi.org/10.4236/as.2012.36106.10.4236/as.2012.36106
- 46. United Nation Framework Convention on Climate change. Impacts UNFCC. (2007). Vulnerabilities and Adaptation in Developing Countries. Bonn, Germany: UNFCC. Retrieved 15 May, 2019 from https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/impacts.pdf.
- 47. Wako, G., Tadesse, M., & Angassa, A. (2017). Camel management as an adaptive strategy to climate change by pastoralists in southern Ethiopia. Ecological Processes, 6(1). doi.org/10.1186/s13717-017-0093-5.10.1186/s13717-017-0093-5
- 48. Yéo, W. E., Goula, B. T. A., Diekkrüger, B., & Afouda, A. (2016). Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the Comoe River Basin (West Africa). SpringerPlus, 5(1). doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2491-z.10.1186/s40064-016-2491-z491927127386296