Autonomic and Peripheral Vascular Effects of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Assessed by ECG-Gated Digital Pulse Wave Analysis in Healthy Adults
References
- Ganji N, Biouuss G, Sabbatini S, Li B, Lee C, Pierro A. Remote ischemic conditioning in necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2023;32(3):151312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2023.151312
- Hausenloy DJ, Yellon DM. Remote ischaemic preconditioning: underlying mechanisms and clinical application. Cardiovasc Res. 2008;79(3):377-386. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvn114.
- Lang JA, Kim J. Remote ischaemic preconditioning translating cardiovascular benefits to humans. J Physiol. 2022;600(13):3053-3067. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP282568
- Loukogeorgakis SP, Panagiotidou AT, Broadhead MW, Donald A, Deanfield JE, MacAllister RJ. Remote ischemic preconditioning provides early and late protection against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion injury in humans: role of the autonomic nervous system. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(3):450-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.04.044
- Lambert EA, Thomas CJ, Hemmes R, Eikelis N, Pathak A, Schlaich MP, Lambert GW. Sympathetic nervous response to ischemia-reperfusion injury in humans is altered with remote ischemic preconditioning. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2016;311(2):H364-H370. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00369.2016
- Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation. 1996;93(5):1043-1065. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043
- Shaffer F, Ginsberg JP. An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms. Front Public Health. 2017;5:258. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00258
- Kleiger RE, Stein PK, Bigger JT Jr. Heart rate variability: measurement and clinical utility. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2005;10(1):88-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-474X.2005.10101.x
- Bruno RM, Ghiadoni L, Seravalle G, Dell’Oro R, Taddei S, Grassi G. Sympathetic regulation of vascular function in health and disease. Front Physiol. 2012;3:284. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00284
- Varzideh F, Jankauskas SS, Mone P, Kansakar U, Santulli G. Autonomic neurotransmission in cardiovascular regulation and pathophysiology. Front Neurosci. 2026;19:1739330. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2025.1739330
- Sugimoto H, Hamaoka T, Murai H, Hirai T, Mukai Y, Kusayama T, Takashima S, Kato T, Takata S, Usui S, Sakata K, Kawashiri MA, Takamura M. Relationships between muscle sympathetic nerve activity and novel indices of arterial stiffness using single oscillometric cuff in patients with hyper-tension. Physiol Rep. 2022;10(10):e15270. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15270
- Zagidullin N, Scherbakova E, Safina Y, Zulkarneev R, Zagidullin S. The impact of remote ischemic preconditioning on arterial stiffness and heart rate variability in patients with angina pectoris. J Clin Med. 2016;5(7):60. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm5070060
- Millasseau SC, Kelly RP, Ritter JM, Chowienczyk PJ. Determination of age-related increases in large artery stiffness by digital pulse contour analysis. Clin Sci (Lond). 2002;103(4):371-377. https://doi.org/10.1042/cs1030371
- Park YJ, Lee JM, Kwon SH. Association of the second derivative of photoplethysmogram with age, hemodynamic, autonomic, adiposity, and emotional factors. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(47):e18091. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000018091
- Brillante DG, O’Sullivan AJ, Howes LG. Arterial stiffness indices in healthy volunteers using non-invasive digital photoplethysmography. Blood Press. 2008;17(2):116-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/08037050802059225
- Kepler T, Kuusik K, Lepner U, Starkopf J, Zilmer M, Eha J, Lieberg J, Vähi M, Kals J. The effect of remote ischaemic preconditioning on arterial stiffness in patients undergoing vascular surgery: a randomised clinical trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2019;57(6):868-875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.12.002
- Eerik K, Kasepalu T, Post H, Eha J, Kals M, Björck M, Kals J. Effects of repeated remote ischaemic preconditioning on arterial stiffness, organ damage, and oxidative stress in patients with intermittent claudication: a sham-controlled randomised trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2026;71(1):117-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2025.06.046
- Müller J, Taebling M, Oberhoffer R. Remote ischemic preconditioning has no short term effect on blood pressure, heart rate, and arterial stiffness in healthy young adults. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1094. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01094
- Heinen A, Behmenburg F, Aytulun A, Dierkes M, Zerbin L, Kaisers W, Schaefer M, Meyer-Treschan T, Feit S, Bauer I, et al. The release of cardioprotective humoral factors after remote ischemic preconditioning in humans is age- and sex-dependent. J Transl Med. 2018;16:112. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-018-1480-0
- Incognito AV, Doherty CJ, Lee JB, Burns MJ, Millar PJ. Ischemic preconditioning does not alter muscle sympathetic responses to static handgrip and metaboreflex activation in young healthy men. Physiol Rep. 2017;5(14):e13342. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13342
- Huizinga JD, Chen JH, Hussain A, Zheng D, Liuet L, al. Determining autonomic sympathetic tone and reactivity using Baevsky’s stress index. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2025;328(5):R562-R577. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00243.2024
- Said MA, Eppinga RN, Lipsic E, Verweij N, van der Harst P. Relationship of arterial stiffness index and pulse pressure with cardiovascular disease and mortality: UK Biobank study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(2):e007621. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.007621
- Elgendi M. On the analysis of fingertip photoplethysmogram signals. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2012;8(1):14-25. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340312801215782.
- Takazawa K, Tanaka N, Fujita M, Matsuoka O, Saiki T, Aikawa M, Tamura S, Ibukiyama C. Assessment of vasoactive agents and vascular aging by the second derivative of photoplethysmogram waveform. Hypertension. 1998;32(2):365-370. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.32.2.365
- Schöneburg C, Amevor BS, Bauer T, Boateng I, Nsia-Tawia B, Öztürk N, Pop MA, Müller J. Immediate increase in the root mean square of successive differences after three bouts of remote ischemic preconditioning: a randomized controlled trial. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2024;11(7):193. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11070193
- Morley WN, Sabino-Carvalho JL, Vianna LC, Lang JA. Cardiac autonomic recovery following traditional and augmented remote ischemic preconditioning. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2021;131(6):1858-1866. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00668.2020
- Basalay MV, Davidson SM, Gourine AV, Yellon DM. Neural mechanisms in remote ischaemic conditioning in the heart and brain: mechanistic and translational aspects. Basic Res Cardiol. 2018;113(4):25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00395-018-0684-z
- Heusch G, Bøtker HE, Przyklenk K, Redington A, Yellon D. Remote ischemic conditioning. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(2):177-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.031
- Heusch G, Kleinbongard P, Skyschally A. Vagal cardioprotection in reperfused acute myocardial infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10(15):1513-1515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2017.05.063
- Inoue N, Kawakami H, Yamamoto H, Ito C, Fujiwara S, Sasaki H, Kihara Y. Second derivative of the finger photoplethysmogram and cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged and elderly Japanese women. Hypertens Res. 2017;40(2):207-211. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2016.123
- Chandra P, Sands RL, Gillespie BW, Levin NW, Kotanko P, Kiser M, Finkelstein F, Hinderliter A, Rajagopalan S, Sengstock D, Saran R. Relationship between heart rate variability and pulse wave velocity and their association with patient outcomes in chronic kidney disease. Clin Nephrol. 2014;81(1):9-19. https://doi.org/10.5414/CN108020
- Kohjitani A, Miyata M, Iwase Y, Sugiyama K. Responses of the second derivative of the finger photoplethysmogram indices and hemodynamic parameters to anesthesia induction. Hypertens Res. 2012;35(2):166-172. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2011.152
- Falvo M, Blatt M, Jasien J, Deegan B, ÓLaighin G, Serrador J. Sympathetic activation during the cold pressor test changes cerebral compliance. Auton Neurosci. 2011;163:74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2011.05.102
- Chen JY, Tsai WC, Lin CC, Huang YY, Hsu CH, Liu PY. Stiffness index derived from digital volume pulse as a marker of target organ damage in untreated hypertension. Blood Press. 2005;14(4):233-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/08037050510034301
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pjmpe-2026-0016 | Journal eISSN: 1898-0309 (formerly 1425-4689) | Journal ISSN: 1425-4689
Language: English
Page range: 146 - 152
Submitted on: Mar 15, 2026
Accepted on: Aug 6, 2026
Published online: Sep 30, 2026
Published in print: Sep 1, 2026
Published by: Polish Society of Medical Physics
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Dhuha Mohammed Abd Al Sajjad, Amal Yousif Al Yasiri, Bassam Talib Gailani, published by Polish Society of Medical Physics
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.