Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Research progress of emerging flame retardants for epoxy resin Cover

Research progress of emerging flame retardants for epoxy resin

Open Access
|Jul 2025

References

  1. Guo, X., Li, X., Hua, Y., Sun, J., Li, H., Gu, X. & Zhang, S. (2025). A novel phosphoramidate-based eco-friendly flame retardant for epoxy resins: Enhanced mechanical properties and fire safety. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 233, 111172. DOI: 10.1016/j. polymdegradstab.2025.111172.
  2. Qi, Y., Bao, D., Ma, S., Huan, X., Zhang, D., Zhou, G., Gao, C., Hou, X. & Zhang, Y. (2024). Increase of bridge length by ingenious grafting of ester chains, imparting epoxy resins superb thermal, smoke suppression, gas-phase flame retardancy, and mechanical properties. Chem. Eng. J., 500, 157356. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.157356.
  3. Zhong, Z., Huo, Y., An, Y., Liu, W. & Dou, Y. (2024). Bionic octopus tentacle structure-inspired engineering of HPP@PBA nanotubes: Towards mechanically reinforced epoxy nanocomposites with outstanding flame retardancy and smoke suppression. Eur. Polym. J., 221, 113510. DOI: 10.1016/j. eurpolymj.2024.113510.
  4. Yang, J.-X., Sun, Y., Song, W.-M. & Liu, Y. (2024). A novel phosphorus/boron-containing flame retardant for improving the flame retardancy of ramie fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Constr. Build. Mater., 451, 138814. DOI: 10.1016/j. conbuildmat.2024.138814.
  5. Huan, X., Hou, Z., Ma, S., Xu, Q., Qi, Y., Bao, D., Hou, X., Du, H., Zhang, Y. & Wen, Z. (2025). Flame retardation of epoxy resin with P-N flame retardant based on DOPS/triazine-trione groups. Polym. Bull., 82(2), 455–477. DOI: 10.1007/s00289-024-05535-z.
  6. Jiang, G., Ye, G., Feng, Z., Qi, L., Wang, C., Xing, W., Gui, Z., Song, L. & Hu, Y. (2025). Linear polydichlorophosphazene and Ti3C2Tx MXene nanohybrids: Synthesis and application to epoxy resin to improve the fire safety and mechanical properties. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 679, 141–151. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.09.229.
  7. Cheng, C., Zhu, Z., Wang, M., Sun, H., Li, J., Jiao, R. & Li, A. (2024). Enhanced flame retardancy and thermal insulation of epoxy resins composites incorporated with ammonium polyphosphate and ionic liquids loaded CuO-ZnO hollow spheres. Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 703, 135388. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2024.135388.
  8. Pan, Y.-T., Zhang, Z. & Yang, R. (2020). The rise of MOFs and their derivatives for flame retardant polymeric materials: A critical review. Compos. Part B Eng., 199, 108265. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108265.
  9. Han, Z., Song, X., Chen, Z., Pan, Y.-T., Lai, X., Wang, D.-Y. & Yang, R. (2024). Half etching of ZIF-67 towards open hollow nanostructure with boosted absorption ability for toxic smoke and fume in epoxy composites. Sustain. Mater. Technol., 41, e01024. DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e01024.
  10. Hou, Y., Hu, W., Gui, Z. & Hu, Y. (2017). A novel Co-(II)–based metal-organic framework with phosphorus-containing structure: Build for enhancing fire safety of epoxy. Compos. Sci. Technol., 152, 231–242. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.08.032.
  11. Zhang, J., Li, Z., Qi, X., Zhang, W. & Wang, D.-Y. (2020). Size tailored bimetallic metal-organic framework (MOF) on graphene oxide with sandwich-like structure as functional nano-hybrids for improving fire safety of epoxy. Compos. Part B Eng., 188, 107881. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107881.
  12. Zhang, J., Li, Z., Zhang, L., Yang, Y. & Wang, D. (2020). Green Synthesis of Biomass Phytic Acid-Functionalized UiO-66-NH2 Hierarchical Hybrids toward Fire Safety of Epoxy Resin. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 8(2), 994–1003. DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05658.
  13. Ma, S., Hou, Y., Xiao, Y., Chu, F., Cai, T., Hu, W. & Hu, Y. (2020). Metal-organic framework@polyaniline nanoarchitecture for improved fire safety and mechanical performance of epoxy resin. Mater. Chem. Phys., 247, 122875. DOI: 10.1016/j. matchemphys.2020.122875.
  14. Yin, L., Gong, K., Pan, H., Qian, X., Shi, C., Qian, L. & Zhou, K. (2022). Novel design of MOFs-based hierarchical nanoarchitecture: Towards reducing fire hazards of epoxy resin. Compos. Part Appl. Sci. Manuf., 158, 106957. DOI: 10.1016/j. compositesa.2022.106957.
  15. Wang, X., Wu, T., Hong, J., Dai, J., Lu, Z., Yang, C., Yuan, C. & Dai, L. (2021). Organophosphorus modified hollow bimetallic organic frameworks: Effective adsorption and catalytic charring of pyrolytic volatiles. Chem. Eng. J., 421, 129697. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.129697.
  16. Yu, S., Cheng, C., Li, K., Wang, J., Wang, Z., Zhou, H., Wang, W., Zhang, Y. & Quan, Y. (2023). Fire-safe epoxy composite realized by MXenes based nanostructure with vertically arrayed MOFs derived from interfacial assembly strategy. Chem. Eng. J., 465, 143039. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.143039.
  17. Zhang, J., Li, Z., Shao, Z.-B., Zhang, L. & Wang, D.-Y. (2020). Hierarchically tailored hybrids via interfacial-engineering of self-assembled UiO-66 and prussian blue analogue: Novel strategy to impart epoxy high-efficient fire retardancy and smoke suppression. Chem. Eng. J., 400, 125942. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125942.
  18. Chen, C., Wang, B., Xiao, G., Cao, M., Zhong, F., Yang, Z., Zhou, J., Wang, M. & Zou, R. (2023). Tri-source integrated adenosine triphosphate loaded BN in synergy with Cu-MOF to improve the fire safety of epoxy resin. Constr. Build. Mater., 394, 132258. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132258.
  19. Han, Z., Zhang, W., Song, X., Vahabi, H., Pan, Y.-T., Zhang, W. & Yang, R. (2023). Fast char formation induced by POSS confining Co-MOF hollow prisms in epoxy composites with mitigated heat and smoke hazards. Chem. Eng. J., 474, 145682. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.145682.
  20. Mu, X., Wang, D., Pan, Y., Cai, W., Song, L. & Hu, Y. (2019). A facile approach to prepare phosphorus and nitrogen containing macromolecular covalent organic nanosheets for enhancing flame retardancy and mechanical property of epoxy resin. Compos. Part B Eng., 164, 390–399. DOI: 10.1016/j. compositesb.2018.12.036.
  21. Xiao, Y., Jin, Z., He, L., Ma, S., Wang, C., Mu, X. & Song, L. (2020). Synthesis of a novel graphene conjugated covalent organic framework nanohybrid for enhancing the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resins through synergistic effect. Compos. Part B Eng., 182, 107616. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107616.
  22. Xiao, Y., Ma, C., Jin, Z., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, H., Mu, X., Song, L. & Hu, Y. (2021). Functional covalent organic framework illuminate rapid and efficient capture of Cu (II) and reutilization to reduce fire hazards of epoxy resin. Sep. Purif. Technol., 259, 118119. DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118119.
  23. Sun, X., Pan, Y.-T., Wang, W. & Yang, R. (2024). Surface modification of MOFs towards flame retardant polymer composites. RSC Appl. Interfaces, 2(1), 14–24. DOI: 10.1039/d4lf00252k.
  24. Wang, R., Zhang, X., Yuan, M., Wang, D.-Y., Zhang, J. & Pan, Y.-T. (2024). Fire retardancy of epoxy composites: A comparative investigation on the influence of porous structure and transition metal of metal-organic framework. Compos. Commun., 51, 102087. DOI: 10.1016/j.coco.2024.102087.
  25. Huang, G., Pan, Y.-T., Liu, L., Song, P. & Yang, R. (2025). Metal-organic frameworks and their derivatives for sustainable flame-retardant polymeric materials. Adv. Nanocomposites, 2, 1–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.adna.2024.10.001.
  26. Liu, P., Wang, X., Huang, J. & Jiang, X. (2024). Halogen-free epoxy flame retardant & promoter with diimidazole skeleton improves overall properties of epoxy resins. Chem. Eng. J., 498, 155408. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.155408.
  27. Song, K., Pan, Y.-T., Zhang, J., Song, P., He, J., Wang, D.-Y. & Yang, R. (2023). Metal–Organic Frameworks–Based Flame-Retardant System for Epoxy Resin: A Review and Prospect. Chem. Eng. J., 468, 143653. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.143653.
  28. Hu, J., Pan, Y.-T., Zhou, K., Song, P. & Yang, R. (2024). A new way to improve the fire safety of polyurethane composites with the assistance of metal–organic frameworks. RSC Appl. Polym., 2(6), 996–1012. DOI: 10.1039/d4lp00257a.
  29. Elashker, A., Eldakhakhny, A.M. & Mokhtar, M. (2024). Recent development of metal-organic frameworks as a novel flame--retardant in polymeric applications. 12th Int. Conf. Chem. Environ. Eng. ICEE 2024 May 21 2024 - May 23 2024, 2830(1), Egyptian Ministry of Defense. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2830/1/012020
  30. Song, X., Hou, B., Han, Z., Pan, Y.-T., Geng, Z., Haurie Ibarra, L. & Yang, R. (2023). Dual nucleation sites induced by ZIF-67 towards mismatch of polyphosphazene hollow sub-micron polyhedrons and nanospheres in flame retardant epoxy matrix. Chem. Eng. J., 470, 144278. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.144278.
  31. Li, Q., Han, Z., Song, X., Pan, Y.-T., Geng, Z., Vahabi, H., Realinho, V. & Yang, R. (2024). Enhancing char formation of flame retardant epoxy composites: Onigiri-like ZIF-67 modification with carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin crosslinking. Carbohydr. Polym., 333, 121980. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121980.
  32. Cao, J., Chen, S., Han, Z., Pan, Y.-T., Lin, Y., Wang, W. & Yang, R. (2024). Covalent metal–organic porous polymer on ZIF-67 realize anti-UV and highly stressed flame retardant epoxy composites. Chem. Eng. J., 501, 157758. DOI: 10.1016/j. cej.2024.157758.
  33. Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Wang, R., Wang, W., Zhao, H., Yang, S., Dong, Z., Wang, D.-Y. & Pan, Y.-T. (2024). Cyclodextrin-based host-guest hierarchical fire retardants: Synthesis and novel strategy to endow polylactic acid fire retardancy and UV resistance. Carbohydr. Polym., 341, 122313. DOI: 10.1016/j. carbpol.2024.122313.
  34. Li, Q., Song, X., Pan, Y.-T., Sun, J., Bifulco, A. & Yang, R. (2024). Dual function of carboxymethyl cellulose scaffold: A one-stone-two-birds strategy to prepare double-layer hollow ZIF-67 derivates for flame retardant epoxy composites. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 674, 445–458. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.189.
  35. Bi, X., Song, K., Zhang, Z., Lin, T., Pan, Y.-T., Fu, W., Song, P., He, J. & Yang, R. (2024). Joint Exfoliation of MXene by Dimensional Mismatched SiC/ZIF-67 Toward Multifunctional Flame Retardant Thermoplastic Polyurethane. Small, 20(43). DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403375.
  36. Song, X., Li, Q., Han, Z., Hou, B., Pan, Y.-T., Geng, Z., Zhang, J., Haurie Ibarra, L. & Yang, R. (2024). Synchronous modification of ZIF-67 with cyclomatrix polyphosphazene coating for efficient flame retardancy and mechanical reinforcement of epoxy resin. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 667, 223–236. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.088.
  37. Xiao, F., Shao, W., Gao, X., Shi, Y., Liu, Y., Yuan, B. & Li, K. (2024). A versatile ionic liquid enables epoxy resin with excellent fire safety and mechanical properties but ultra-low loading. Eur. Polym. J., 219, 113420. DOI: 10.1016/j. eurpolymj.2024.113420.
  38. Wu, P., Jiao, Y., Wu, W., Meng, C., Cui, Y. & Qu, H. (2024). Flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of bio-based chitosan polyelectrolyte flame retardant containing P and N in epoxy resin. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 279, 135001. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135001.
  39. Sun, X., Miao, W., Pan, Y.-T., Song, P., Gaan, S., Ibarra, L.H. & Yang, R. (2025). Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Solution for Greener Polymeric Materials with Low Fire Hazards. Adv. Sustain. Syst., 9(2). DOI: 10.1002/adsu.202400768.
  40. Hou, B., Song, K., Ur Rehman, Z., Song, T., Lin, T., Zhang, W., Pan, Y.-T. & Yang, R. (2022). Precise Control of a Yolk-Double Shell Metal-Organic Framework-Based Nano-structure Provides Enhanced Fire Safety for Epoxy Nanocomposites. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 14(12), 14805–14816. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01334.
  41. Song, K., Hou, B., Ur Rehman, Z., Pan, Y.-T., He, J., Wang, D.-Y. & Yang, R. (2022). “Sloughing” of metal-organic framework retaining nanodots via step-by-step carving and its flame-retardant effect in epoxy resin. Chem. Eng. J., 448, 137666. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137666.
  42. Hou, B., Zhang, W., Lu, H., Song, K., Geng, Z., Ye, X., Pan, Y.-T., Zhang, W. & Yang, R. (2022). Multielement Flame-Retardant System Constructed with Metal POSS-Organic Frameworks for Epoxy Resin. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 14(43), 49326–49337. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14740.
  43. Song, K., Bi, X., Yu, C., Pan, Y.-T., Xiao, P., Wang, J., Song, J.-I., He, J. & Yang, R. (2024). Structure of Metal-Organic Frameworks Eco-Modulated by Acid-Base Balance toward Biobased Flame Retardant in Polyurea Composites. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 16(12), 15227–15241. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02187.
  44. Gong, K., Cai, L., Shi, C., Gao, F., Yin, L., Qian, X. & Zhou, K. (2022). Organic-inorganic hybrid engineering MXene derivatives for fire resistant epoxy resins with superior smoke suppression. Compos. Part Appl. Sci. Manuf., 161, 107109. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2022.107109.
  45. Karthikeyan, R., Rajkumar, S. & Ravi, B. (2024). Effect of Selective Laser Sintering Polyamide-12 Powder as a Filler in Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites. J. Polym. Mater., 41(3), 131–141. DOI: 10.32604/jpm.2024.055989.
  46. Rawat, R., Talwar, M., Diwan, R. & Tyagi, A. (2021). A study on Flame-retardancy Property of UV Curable Epoxy Coating for Wooden Surfaces using Boron Diluent and Phosphorus Based Initiator. J. Polym. Mater., 38(3–4), 281–294. DOI: 10.32381/JPM.2021.38.3-4.9.
  47. Bessa, W., Trache, D., Moulai, S., Tarchoun, A., Abdelaziz, A., Hamidon, T. & Hussin, M. (2024). Polybenzoxazine/Epoxy Copolymer Reinforced with Phosphorylated Microcrystalline Cellulose: Curing Behavior, Thermal, and Flame Retardancy Properties. FIBERS, 12(8). DOI: 10.3390/fib12080061.
  48. Zhong, Z., Ju, A., Li, Q. & Dou, Y. (2024). Bio-derived polyphosphazene modified halloysite nanotubes as eco-friendly flame retardants to significantly reduce smoke release and enhance the fire safety of epoxy resin. Eur. Polym. J., 210, 112908. DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2024.112908.
  49. Li, F., Huang, Z., Liu, C., Yang, M., Wu, J., Rao, W. & Yu, C. (2024). A novel P/N/Si/Zn-containing hybrid flame retardant for enhancing flame retardancy and smoke suppression of epoxy resins. RSC Adv., 14(12), 8204–8213. DOI: 10.1039/D4RA00166D.
  50. Li, P., Wang, J., Wang, C., Xu, C. & Ni, A. (2024). The Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of the Epoxy Modified by an Efficient DOPO-Based Flame Retardant. POLYMERS, 16(5). DOI: 10.3390/polym16050631.
  51. Bi, X., Song, K., Zhang, H., Pan, Y.-T., He, J., Wang, D.-Y. & Yang, R. (2024). Dimensional change of red phosphorus into nanosheets by metal–organic frameworks with enhanced dispersion in flame retardant polyurea composites. Chem. Eng. J., 482, 148997. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.148997.
  52. Huang, X., Cai, H., Gao, L., Mao, Y. & Huang, W. (2024). The synthesis of biphenyl ether/vanillin-based flame retardants for enhancing both the flame retardant properties and mechanical performance of epoxy resin. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 141(17). DOI: 10.1002/app.55281.
  53. Deng, Z., Shi, M., Liang, Y., Yang, X. & Huang, Z. (2024). Phosphorus-nitrogen synergistic flame retardant (PNFR) towards epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy and satisfactory mechanical strength: An insight into pyrolysis and flame retardant mechanism. Polym. Test., 131, 108352. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108352.
  54. Wu, Y., Long, J., Bing, L. & Yan, Y. (2024). Synthesis and properties of a new halogen-free flame-retardant epoxy resin flame retardant. PIGMENT RESIN Technol., 53(1), 62–68. DOI: 10.1108/PRT-01-2022-0009.
  55. Yan, L., Wei, Z., Guan, J., Tang, X. & Liu, Y. (2024). Intercalated kaolinite with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate as an effective flame retardant to enhance the flame retardance and smoke suppression of epoxy resins. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 141(13). DOI: 10.1002/app.55149.
  56. Ma, X., Kang, N., Zhang, Y., Min, Y., Yang, J., Ban, D., Zhao, W., Malucelli, G. & Sonnier, R. (2024). Enhancing Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression in Epoxy Resin Composites with Sulfur-Phosphorous Reactive Flame Retardant. MOLECULES, 29(1). DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010227.
  57. Yang, W., Wu, Q., Zhou, Y., Zhu, S., Wei, C., Lu, H., Yang, W. & Yuen, R. K. K. (2024). Multifunctional phosphorus-containing porphyrin dye for efficiently improving the thermal, toughness, flame retardant and dielectric properties of epoxy resins. Prog. Org. Coat., 186, 107967. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.107967.
  58. Qi, Y., Ye, X., Huan, X., Xu, Q., Ma, S., Bao, D., Zhou, G., Zhang, D., Zhang, Y. & Du, H. (2024). P/N/S flame retardant based on DOPS-triazine groups for improving the flame retardancy, char formation properties and mechanical properties of epoxy resin. Eur. Polym. J., 202, 112634. DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112634.
  59. Li, H., Wang, X., Yao, X. & Chu, H. (2023). Synthesis and properties of chlorine and phosphorus containing rubber seed oil as a second plasticizer for flame retardant polyvinyl chloride materials. Pol. J. Chem. Technol., 25(2), 36–42. DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2023-0015.
  60. Chen, S., Li, J., Yuan, Y., Fu, Z., Ma, D., Zhang, L., Wang, G. & Fang, D. (2024). Zinc hydroxystannate coated by polyphosphazene to improve the fire safety and suppress the smoke of epoxy resin. Prog. Org. Coat., 186, 108041. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.108041.
  61. Zhang, H., Peng, Y., Xiao, Y., Kong, S., He, X., Liu, L., Lou, G., Kuang, Y., Fu, S. & Rao, Q. (2024). A novel multifunctional phosphorous and nitrogenous reactive flame retardant toward epoxy resins by one-pot method. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 141(6). DOI: 10.1002/app.54929.
  62. Liu, H., Liang, B. & Long, J. (2023). Synthesis and application of halogen-free epoxy resin flame retardant curing agent. HIGH Perform. Polym., 35(10), 1001–1013. DOI: 10.1177/09540083231195524.
  63. He, Y., Cui, X., Liu, Z., Lan, F., Sun, J., Li, H., Gu, X. & Zhang, S. (2023). A new approach to prepare flame retardant epoxy resin with excellent transmittance, mechanical properties, and anti-aging performance by the incorporation of DOPO derivative. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 218. DOI: 10.1016/j. polymdegradstab.2023.110579.
  64. Li, J., Liu, Q., Zhou, Y., Cai, Y., Shi, K., Zhao, H., Meng, Y. & Zheng, P. (2023). A novel multi-element flame retardant containing phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur for enhancing the fire safety of epoxy resin composites. HIGH Perform. Polym., 35(9), 901–912. DOI: 10.1177/09540083231194706.
  65. Yang, H., Qin, Y., Liang, D., Lu, X. & Gu, X. (2023). Preparation of a novel flame retardant based on phosphorus/nitrogen modified lignin with metal-organic framework and its application in epoxy resin. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 148(22), 12845–12857. DOI: 10.1007/s10973-023-12578-3.
  66. Cen, X., Cao, Z. & Wang, Z. (2024). Flame retardancy, dielectric performance, pyrolysis behavior of epoxy resin and cyanate ester composites containing a multifunctional flame retardant. J. VINYL Addit. Technol., 30(2), 423–438. DOI: 10.1002/vnl.22058.
  67. Shi, C., Wan, M., Qian, X., Jing, J. & Zhou, K. (2023). Zinc Hydroxystannate/Carbon Nanotube Hybrids as Flame Retardant and Smoke Suppressant for Epoxy Resins. MOLECULES, 28(19). DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196820.
  68. Sun, S., Yu, Q., Yu, B. & Zhou, F. (2023). New Progress in the Application of Flame-Retardant Modified Epoxy Resins and Fire-Retardant Coatings. COATINGS, 13(10). DOI: 10.3390/coatings13101663.
  69. Pu, Z., Zou, L., Wu, F., Wang, X., Peng, Q., Zhong, J., Liu, X., Wang, Y., Pan, Y., Jiang, D. & Ning, Z. (2024). Preparation of phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant DOPO--DBAPh and its flame retarded epoxy-based composites. J. VINYL Addit. Technol., 30(2), 398–409. DOI: 10.1002/vnl.22055.
  70. Guo, Y., Yang, H., Rong, H., Chen, Z., Chen, T., Yu, Y., He, C., Zhou, J., Zhang, Q., Bu, Y. & Jiang, J. (2023). Hydrophobicity, transparency, mechanically excellent and fire safety multifunctional epoxy resin based on a novel DOPO derivative with cyano group. Prog. Org. Coat., 185. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.107897.
  71. Soni, V. & Dahiya, J. (2023). Synthesis and characterization of a novel P/N containing flame retardant and its effect on flame-retardancy, thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy/clay nanocomposites. HIGH Perform. Polym., 35(7), 740–749. DOI: 10.1177/09540083231169166.
  72. Tian, L., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Zheng, Q., Cui, J., Yang, B., Guo, J., Mu, B., Bao, X., Wang, Z. & Li, H. (2023). Synthesis of functionalized Salen-Ni-based polyphosphazene flame retardant and its performance study. Polym. Adv. Technol., 34(12), 3675–3687. DOI: 10.1002/pat.6174.
  73. Zhang, G., Dong, Y., Yao, M., Cui, Y., Meng, W., Wang, S., Qu, H. & Xu, J. (2023). Preparation of a MOF flame retardant containing phosphazene ring and its effect on the flame retardant of epoxy resin. React. Funct. Polym., 191, 105670. DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2023.105670.
  74. Peng, C., Xu, H., Chen, G., Luo, W., Zeng, B., Yuan, C., Xu, Y. & Dai, L. (2023). Synthesis of metal-containing Schiff based cyclomatrix polyphosphazene microspheres based on polyoxometalates and application in flame retardance for epoxy resin. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 140(37). DOI: 10.1002/app.54413.
  75. Kamalipour, J., Beheshty, M. & Zohuriaan-Mehr, M. (2023). Thermal decomposition kinetic study on one-pack formulations of epoxy resin cured with novel phosphorus--containing flame retardant latent curing agents. Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact. DOI: 10.1080/1023666X.2023.2264604.
  76. Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., Jia, Z., Liu, H. & Liu, Z. (2023). A novel epoxy resin system containing bismaleimide and DOPO-based flame retardant with excellent flame retardancy and toughness. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 140(36). DOI: 10.1002/app.54373.
  77. Cao, J., Pan, Y., Vahabi, H., Song, J., Song, P., Wang, D. & Yang, R. (2024). Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-based flame retardants for polymeric materials. Mater. TODAY Chem., 37. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2024.102015.
  78. Wang, H., Wang, Y., Li, T., Yu, C., Lin, P., Liu, J., Lan, Y. & Pan, Y. (2025). Nature-Inspired, Heat & Noise-Insulation, Highly Robust MOFs-Based Hybrid Fire-Retardant Coatings with Easy--Recycling Feature. Adv. Funct. Mater. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202500800.
  79. Li, Z., Yu, S., Gong, Z., Yao, X., Zhang, J., Wang, G., Pan, Y., Gao, H. & Wang, N. (2025). A natural glue paste aminated graphene oxide onto ammonium polyphosphate towards “multi-phase integrated” polymer composites: synthesis and application. Sustain. Mater. Technol., 44. DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01336.
  80. Song, K., Pan, Y., He, J. & Yang, R. (2024). Coordination bond cleavage of metal-organic frameworks and application to flame-retardant polymeric materials. Ind. Chem. Mater., 2(4), 556–570. DOI: 10.1039/d3im00110e.
  81. Li, H., Xu, Y., Zhang, Z., Han, F., Pan, Y.-T. & Yang, R. (2025). Advancements and Challenges in Enhancing Thermal Stability of Lithium-Ion Battery Separators: Review on Coating Materials, High-Temperature Resistant Materials and Future Trends. J. Polym. Mater., 42(1). DOI: 10.32604/jpm.2025.062352.
Language: English
Page range: 28 - 40
Submitted on: Jan 14, 2025
Accepted on: Mar 23, 2025
Published on: Jul 17, 2025
Published by: West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2025 Weijia Miao, Tianyu Li, Ye-Tang Pan, Yichao Lin, Kun Yao, published by West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.