Graphene oxide-assisted synthesis of LiMn2O4 nanopowder

Majchrzycki, Łukasz; Michalska, Monika; Walkowiak, Mariusz; Wiliński, Zbigniew; Lipińska, Ludwika

doi:10.2478/pjct-2013-0038

Abstract

The article reports sol-gel synthesis of nanosized spinel-type lithium manganese oxide LiMn₂O₄ (LMO) carried out in the presence of graphene oxide (GO) and its electrochemical lithium insertion ability. The synthesis was performed in an aqueous environment with lithium acetate and manganese acetate used as precursors and citric acid as a chelating agent. The material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The calcination step totally eliminated graphene from the final product, nevertheless its presence during the synthesis was found to affect the resulting LiMn₂O₄ morphology by markedly reducing the size of grains. Moreover, potentials of electrochemical lithium insertion/deinsertion reactions have been shifted, as observed in the cyclic voltammetry measurements. Along with the diminished grain size the voltammetric curves of the graphene oxide-modified material exhibit higher oxidation and lower reduction peak currents. The study demonstrates that GO mediation/assistance during the sol-gel synthesis fosters more nanostructured powder and changes the electrochemical characteristics of the product

References

1. Kang, K. et al. (2006). Electrodes with High Power and High Capacity for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. Science 311, 977-980. DOI: 10.1126/science.1122152.10.1126/science.1122152
Search in Google Scholar
2. Aricò, A.S. et al. (2005). Nanostructured materials for advanced energy conversion and storage devices. Nature Mater. 4, 366-377. DOI: 10.1038/nmat1368.10.1038/nmat1368
Search in Google Scholar
3. Jiang, Ch., Hosono, E. & Zhou, H. (2006). Nanomaterials for lithium ion batteries. Nano Today 1, 28-33. DOI: 10.1016/ S1748-0132(06)70114-1.10.1016/S1748-0132(06)70114-1
Search in Google Scholar
4. Jiang, Ch. et al. (2007). Effect of particle dispersion on high rate performance of nano-sized Li4Ti5O12 anode. ElectrochimicaActa 52, 6470-6475. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.04.070.10.1016/j.electacta.2007.04.070
Search in Google Scholar
5. Tarascon, J.M. & Armand, M. (2001). Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries. Nature 414, 359-367. DOI: 10.1038/35104644.10.1038/35104644
Search in Google Scholar
6. Kovacheva, D. et al. (2002). Synthesizing nanocrystalline LiMn₂O₄ by a combustion route. J. Mater. Chem. 12, 1184-1188. DOI: 10.1039/b107669h.10.1039/b107669h
Search in Google Scholar
7. Thackeray, M.M. (1997). Manganese oxides for lithium batteries. Prog. Solid State Chem. 25, 1-71. DOI: 10.1016/ S0079-6786(97)81003-5.10.1016/S0079-6786(97)81003-5
Search in Google Scholar
8. Liu, W., Kowal, K. & Farrington, G.C. (1998). Mechanism of the Electrochemical Insertion of Lithium into LiMn₂O₄ Spinels. J. Electrochem. Soc. 145, 459-465. DOI: 10.1149/1.1838285.10.1149/1.1838285
Search in Google Scholar
9. Lee, Y.S. et al. (1998). Synthesis of spinel LiMn₂O₄ cathode material prepared by an adipic acid-assisted sol-gel method for lithium secondary batteries. Solid State Ionics 109, 285-294. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-2738(98)00085-X.10.1016/S0167-2738(98)00085-X
Search in Google Scholar
10. Park, H.S. et al. (2001). Relationship between Chemical Bonding Character and Electrochemical Performance in Nickel-Substituted Lithium Manganese Oxides. J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 4860-4866. DOI: 10.1021/jp010079+.10.1021/jp010079+
Search in Google Scholar
11. Michalska, M. et al. (2011). Nanocrystalline lithium-manganese oxide spinels for Li-ion batteries - Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of their structure and selected physical properties. Solid State Ionics 188, 160-164, DOI: 10.1016/j. ssi.2010.12.003.
Search in Google Scholar
12. Curtis, C.J., Wang, J.X. & Schulz, D.L. (2004). Preparation and Characterization of LiMn₂O₄ Spinel Nanoparticles as Cathode Materials in Secondary Li Batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 151, A590-A598. DOI: 10.1149/1.1648021.10.1149/1.1648021
Search in Google Scholar
13. Cabana, J. et al. (2007). Enhanced high rate performance of LiMn₂O₄ spinel nanoparticles synthesized by a hard-template route. J. Power Sources 166, 492-498. DOI: 10.1016/j. jpowsour.2006.12.107.
Search in Google Scholar
14. Jiang, C.H. et al. (2007). Synthesis of spinel LiMn₂O₄ nanoparticles through one-step hydrothermal reaction. J. PowerSources 172, 410-415. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.07.039.10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.07.039
Search in Google Scholar
15. Bak S.M. et al. (2011). Spinel LiMn2O4/reduced graphene oxide hybrid for high rate lithium ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 17309-17315. DOI: 10.1039/C1JM13741G.10.1039/c1jm13741g
Search in Google Scholar
16. Wan Ch., Nuli Y., Zhuang J., Jiang Z. (2002). Synthesis of spinel LiMn₂O₄ using direct solid state reaction. MaterialsLetters 56, 357-363. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-577X(02)00485-8.10.1016/S0167-577X(02)00485-8
Search in Google Scholar
17. Zhang, X. et al. (2011). Electrochemical performance of spinel LiMn₂O₄ cathode materials made by flame-assisted spray technology. J. Power Sources 196, 3640-3645. DOI: 10.1016/j. jpowsour.2010.07.008.
Search in Google Scholar
18. Luo, J. et al. (2007). LiMn₂O₄ hollow nanosphere electrode material with excellent cycling reversibility and rate capability. Electrochem. Commun. 9, 1404-1409. DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2007.01.058.10.1016/j.elecom.2007.01.058
Search in Google Scholar
19. Liu, X.M. et al. (2010). Sol-gel synthesis of multiwalled carbon nanotube-LiMn₂O₄ nanocomposites as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. J. Power Sources 195, 4290-4296. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.01.068.10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.01.068
Search in Google Scholar
20. Kim, F. et al. (2010). Self-Propagating Domino-like Reactions in Oxidized Graphite. Adv. Funct. Mater. 20, 2867-2873. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201000736.10.1002/adfm.201000736
Search in Google Scholar
21. Hummers, W.S. & Offeman, R.E. (1958). Preparation of Graphitic Oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 1339. DOI: 10.1021/ja01539a017.10.1021/ja01539a017
Search in Google Scholar
22. Julien, C.M., Massot, M. (2003). Lattice vibrations of materials for lithium rechargeable batteries I. Lithium manganese oxide spinel. Materials Science and Engineering B 97, 217-230. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-5107(02)00582-2.10.1016/S0921-5107(02)00582-2
Search in Google Scholar
23. Eda, G. & Chhowalla, M. (2010). Chemically Derived Graphene Oxide: Towards Large-Area Thin-Film Electronics and Optoelectronics. Adv. Mater. 22, 2392-2415. DOI: 10.1002/ adma.200903689.10.1002/adma.20090368920432408
Search in Google Scholar
24. Kiani, M.A., Mousavi, M.F. & Rahmanifar, M.S. (2011). Synthesis of Nano- and Micro-Particles of LiMn2O4: Electrochemical Investigation and Assessment as a Cathode in Li Battery. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 6, 2581-2595.
Search in Google Scholar

Graphene oxide-assisted synthesis of LiMn2O4 nanopowder

Abstract

Paradigm

My account