Educational Attainment Upgrading in Europe 2010-2024: Evidence from ISCED Panel Data
References
- Arsova, A., & Örsal, D. D. K. (2021). A panel cointegrating rank test with structural breaks and cross-sectional dependence. Econometrics and Statistics, 17, 107–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosta.2020.05.002
- Barro, R. J., & Lee, J.-W. (2013). A new data set of educational attainment in the world, 1950–2010. Journal of Development Economics, 104, 184–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.10.001
- Bertoletti, A., Berbegal-Mirabent, J., & Agasisti, T. (2022). Higher education systems and regional economic development in Europe: A combined approach using econometric and machine learning methods. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 82, 101231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2022.101231
- Cuaresma, J. C., Crespo-Cuaresma, J., & Lábaj, M. (2014). Structural reforms and the development of educational attainment in the European Union. European Journal of Political Economy, 34, 316–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2013.12.002
- Dumitrescu, E.-I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
- Eurostat. (2025). Educational attainment statistics. Statistics Explained. (Accessed: 20 November 2025)
- Eurostat Database: Educational attainment. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ edat_lfs_9903__custom_19519041/default/table (Accessed: 05 October 2025)
- European Commission. (2024). Education and Training Monitor 2024: Comparative report. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2766/815875 (Accessed: 10 December 2025)
- Hanushek, E. A., & Woessmann, L. (2012). Do better schools lead to more growth? Cognitive skills, economic outcomes, and causation. Journal of Economic Growth, 17(4), 267–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-012-9081-x
- Karavias, Y., & Tzavalis, E. (2014). A fixed-T version of Breitung’s panel data unit root test. Economics Letters, 124(1), 83–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2014.04.029
- Lopez, L., & Weber, S. (2017). Testing for Granger causality in panel data. The Stata Journal, 17(4), 972–984. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1801700412
- Psacharopoulos, G., & Patrinos, H. A. (2018). Returns to investment in education: A decennial review of the global literature. Education Economics, 26(5), 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2018.1484426
- OECD. (2024). Education at a Glance 2024: OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing. (Accessed: 15 September 2025)
- Wagner, M., & Reichold, K. (2023). Panel cointegrating polynomial regressions: Group-mean fully modified OLS estimation and inference. Econometric Reviews, 42(4), 358–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2023.2178141
- Westerlund, J. (2015). On the use of panel cointegration tests in energy economics. Energy Economics, 50, 359–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.08.020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2026-0213 | Journal eISSN: 2558-9652
Language: English
Page range: 2804 - 2814
Published on: Jul 22, 2026
Published by: Bucharest University of Economic Studies
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Grațian-Daniel GOLOȘIE, published by Bucharest University of Economic Studies
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.