Digital Twin Maturity Level Effects on Microgrid Resilience Validated Through Monte Carlo Simulation
References
- Ajagekar, A., You, F., 2019. Quantum computing for energy systems optimization: Challenges and opportunities. Energy 179, 76–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.186.
- Attah, R. et al. (2024) ‘Digital transformation in the energy sector: Comprehensive review of sustainability impacts and economic benefits’, International Journal of Advanced Economics, 6, pp. 760–776. Available at: https://doi.org/10.51594/ijae.v6i12.1751.
- Bader, S., Barnstedt, E., Bedenbender, H., Berres, B., Billmann, M., & Ristin, M. (2022). Details of the asset administration shell-part 1: the exchange of information between partners in the value chain of industrie 4.0 (version 3.0 rc02). Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK).
- Bazmohammadi, N., Madary, A., Vasquez, J.C., Bazmohammadi, H., Khan, B., Wu, Y. and Guerrero, J.M. (2022) ‘Microgrid digital twins: concepts, applications, and future trends’, IEEE Access, 10, pp. 2284–2302. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3138990.
- Binder, C., n.d. Introduction to the „RAMI 4.0 Toolbox“, (Accessed: 15.01.2026).
- Braun, M., Hachmann, C., & Haack, J. (2020). Blackouts, restoration, and islanding: A system resilience perspective. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 18(4), 54-63.
- Cavalieri S, Gambadoro S. Digital Twin of a Water Supply System Using the Asset Administration Shell. Sensors (Basel). 2024 Feb 20;24(5):1360. doi: 10.3390/s24051360. PMID: 38474896; PMCID: PMC10934694.
- DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V. DIN SPEC 91345: Referenzarchitekturmodell Industrie 4.0 (RAMI4.0). 2016. Available online: https://www.din.de/de/forschung-und-innovation/themen/industrie4-0/din-veroeffentlicht-din-spec-zu-rami4-0-1 58570 (Accessed: 01.02.2026).
- Eissa, M.A., Samy, M.M. and Said, M. (2026) ‘Techno-Economic Analysis and Resilience Enhancement of a Hospital Microgrid Under Grid Outage Scenarios’, Research Square [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8935010/v1
- Ellwein, C. et al. (2026) ‘Software-heavy Asset Administration Shells: Classification and Use Cases’. arXiv. Available at: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2602.16499.
- Fontana, C., 2024. Energy Management Systems and Potential Applications of Quantum Computing in the Energy Sector.
- Gartner. Definition of Digital Twin—Gartner Information Technology Glossary. Available online: https://www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/glossary/digital-twin (Accessed: 18.02.2026).
- Grieves, M. W. (2023). Digital twins: past, present, and future. In The digital twin (pp. 97-121). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
- Grieves, M., & Vickers, J. (2016). Digital twin: Mitigating unpredictable, undesirable emergent behavior in complex systems. In Transdisciplinary perspectives on complex systems: New findings and approaches (pp. 85–113). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
- Hervás-Zaragoza, J., Colmenar-Santos, A., Rosales-Asensio, E. and Colmenar-Fernández, L. (2022) ‘Microgrids as a mechanism for improving energy resilience during grid outages: a post COVID-19 case study for hospitals’, Renewable Energy, 199, pp. 308–319. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.014.
- Hribernik, K. et al. (2021) ‘Autonomous, context-aware, adaptive Digital Twins—State of the art and roadmap’, Computers in Industry, 133, p. 103508. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2021.103508.
- International Energy Agency (2023) Net Zero Roadmap: A Global Pathway to Keep the 1.5 °C Goal in Reach, IEA, Paris. Available at: https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-roadmap-aglobal- pathway-to-keep-the-15-c-goal-in-reach (Accessed: 15.01.2026).
- Jafari, M. et al. (2023) ‘A Review on Digital Twin Technology in Smart Grid, Transportation System and Smart City: Challenges and Future’, IEEE Access, 11, pp. 17471–17484. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3241588.
- Kroposki, B. et al. (2018) ‘Autonomous Energy Grids’. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2018.341.
- Lagrange, A., de Simón-Martín, M., González-Martínez, A., Bracco, S. and Rosales-Asensio, E. (2020) ‘Sustainable microgrids with energy storage as a means to increase power resilience in critical facilities: an application to a hospital’, International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 119, article 105865. doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.105865.
- Lemo, A.O. et al. (2025) ‘Potential of Quantum Computing Applications for Smart Grid Digital Twins and Future Directions’. arXiv. Available at: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.18654
- Lindner, M., Bank, L., Schilp, J., & Weigold, M. (2023). Digital twins in manufacturing: A RAMI 4.0 compliant concept. Sci, 5(4), 40, https://doi.org/10.3390/sci5040040.
- Liu, M., Liao, M., Zhang, R., Yuan, X., Zhu, Z., Wu, Z., 2025. Quantum Computing as a Catalyst for Microgrid Management: Enhancing Decentralized Energy Systems Through Innovative Computational Techniques. Sustainability 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083662.
- Ma, W. et al. (2026) ‘QuanDT: Quantum Digital Twin with Applications to Smart Grid’. In Review. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8261287/v1.
- Mariam, L., Basu, M., & Conlon, M. F. (2013). A review of existing microgrid architectures. Journal of engineering, 2013(1), 937614.
- Michael, J., David, I. and Bork, D. (2024) ‘Digital Twin Evolution for Sustainable Smart Ecosystems’, Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 27th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems. MODELS Companion ’24: ACM/IEEE 27th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems, Linz Austria: ACM, pp. 1061–1065. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1145/3652620.3688343.
- Minerva, R., Crespi, N., Farahbakhsh, R., & Awan, F. M. (2023). Artificial intelligence and the digital twin: An essential combination. In The digital twin (pp. 299-336). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
- Raychaudhuri, S. (2008, December). Introduction to Monte Carlo simulation. In 2008 Winter simulation conference (pp. 91-100). IEEE.
- Reniers, J. M., & Howey, D. A. (2023). Digital twin of a MWh-scale grid battery system for efficiency and degradation analysis. Applied Energy, 336, 120774.
- Roberto Minerva, Noel Crespi. Digital twins: properties, software frameworks, and application scenarios. IT Professional, 2021, 23 (1), pp.51-55. 10.1109/mitp.2020.2982896.hal-03210180.
- Stark, R., Fresemann, C., & Lindow, K. (2019). Development and operation of Digital Twins for technical systems and services. CIRP Annals, 68(1), 129-132.
- Wagg, D.J. et al. (2025) ‘The philosophical foundations of digital twinning’, Data-Centric Engineering, 6, p. e12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/dce.2025.4.
- Williams, T. J. (1994). The Purdue enterprise reference architecture. Computers in industry, 24(2-3), 141-158.
- Yessef, M. et al. (2025) ‘Digital twin technology in smart cities: A step toward intelligent urban management’, Energy Reports, 14, pp. 5539-5557. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2025.11.097.
- Zhang, J. et al. (2025) ‘Digital twin and the asset administration shell: An Analysis of the Three Types of AASs and their Feasibility for Digital Twin Engineering’, Software and Systems Modeling, 24(3), pp. 771-793. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-024-01255-0.
- Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Ma Z (2024) Resilience analysis and improvement strategy of microgrid system considering new energy connection. PLoS ONE 19(4): e0301910. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301910.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2026-0149 | Journal eISSN: 2558-9652
Language: English
Page range: 1979 - 1995
Published on: Jul 28, 2026
Published by: Bucharest University of Economic Studies
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Anca-Alexandra MORARU, published by Bucharest University of Economic Studies
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.