Energy Transition in the European Union: A Comparative Analysis of Member States Based on a New Composite Indicator Proposal
References
- Awerbuch, S. (2006, May 1). Portfolio-Based Electricity Generation Planning: Policy Implications For Renewables And Energy Security. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11, 693-710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-4754-4.
- Bardazzi, R., Bortolotti, L., & Grazia, M. (2023, November 8). Are they Twins or Only Friends? The Redundancy and Complementarity of Energy Poverty Indicators in Italy. Italian Economic Journal, 10(2), pp. 585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40797-023-00246-2.
- Bilbao-Terol, A., Cañal-Fernández, V., & Gónzalez-Pérez, C. (2023, December 27). Evaluating Energy Security using Choquet Integral: analysis in the southern E.U. countries. Annals of Operations Research, 355, 721-763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-023-05748-x.
- Brodny, J., & Tutak, M. (2025, March 15). Decade of Progress: A multidimensional measurement and assessment of energy sustainability in EU - 27 nations. Applied Energy, 382, 125222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.125222.
- Burgass, M., Halpern, B., Nicholson, E., & Milner-Gulland, E. (2017, April). Navigating uncertainty in environmental composite indicators. Ecological Indicators, 75, 268-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.034.
- Di Foggia, G., & Beccarello, M. (2024, March 24). European Roadmaps to Achieving 2030 Renewable Energy Targets. Utilities Policy, 88, 101729. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4770915.
- European Commission. (2025). Electrification. From Directorate-General for Energy: https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/eus-energy-system/electrification_en
- European Commission. (2025, July 15). European innovation scoreboard. From European innovation scoreboard: https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/statistics/ performance-indicators/european-innovation-scoreboard_en
- European Commission. (2026, January 11). Code lists - Metadata. From Eurostat: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/metadata/code-lists
-
European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC). (2021). Technical assessment of nuclear energy with respect to the ‘do no significant harm’ criteria of Regulation (EU) 2020/852 (‘Taxonomy Regulation’). European Commission. Luxembourg: European Atomic Energy Community.
European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) ( 2021 ). Technical assessment of nuclear energy with respect to the ‘do no significant harm’ criteria of Regulation (EU) 2020/852 (‘Taxonomy Regulation’) . European Commission . Luxembourg: European Atomic Energy Community .
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC). (2025, September 2). CC-COIN - Competence Centre on Composite Indicators and Scoreboards. From Joint Research Centre Data Catalogue: https://composite-indicators.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
- Fell, H., Gilbert, A., Jenkins, J. D., & Mildenberger, M. (2022, January 27). Nuclear power and renewable energy are both associated with national decarbonization. Nature Energy, 7, 25- 29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00964-w.
- Gargalo, C., Yu, H., Vollmer, N., Arabkoohsar, A., Gernaey, K., & Sin, G. (2024, January). A process systems engineering view of environmental impact assessment in renewable and sustainable energy production: Status and perspectives. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 180, 108504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2023.108504.
- Gatto, A., & Drago, C. (2023, September 19). On energy resilience and energy vulnerability measurement. Environment, Development and Sustainability, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03222-z.
- Gebara, C. H. (2023). Towards Better Assessments of the Sustainable Development Goals: Advancing Methodologies for Comprehensive Evaluation and Implementation across Different Scales. pp. https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/towards-better-assessments-ofthe-sustainable-development-goals-a/. From DTU Orbit: https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/towards-better-assessments-of-the-sustainable-development-goals-a/
- Gunnarsdóttir, I., Davidsdottir, B., & Worrell, E. (2020, November). Review of indicators for sustainable energy development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 133, 110294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110294.
- Gunnarsdóttir, I., Davíðsdóttir, B., Worrell, E., & Sigurgeirsdottir, S. (2021, April). It is best to ask: Designing a stakeholder-centric approach to selecting sustainable energy development indicators. Energy Research & Social Science, 74, 101968. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.erss.2021.101968.
- Hauke, J., & Kossowski, T. (2011, June 24). Comparison of Values of Pearson's and Spearman's Correlation Coefficients on the Same Sets of Data. Quaestiones Geographicae, 30(2), 87- 93. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10117-011-0021-1.
- Kármán-Tamus, E. (2025, January). Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses of a composite index measuring sustainable energy transition in the European Union. Regional Statistics, 15(1), 168-184. https://doi.org/10.15196/RS150108.
- Kettner, C., Kletzan-Slamanig, D., Köppl, A., Littig, B., & Zielinska, I. (2019, October 10). A Cross-Country Comparison of Sustainable Energy Development in Selected EU Members. Journal of Sustainability Research, 1(2), p. e190017. https://doi.org/10.20900/ jsr20190017.
- Li, H., Liu, H., & Yuan, Y. (2025, September 26). Evaluation and spatiotemporal characteristics of the structural equilibrium of China’s energy system. Discover Sustainability, 6(1), 923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01821-6.
- Ligus, M., & Piotr, P. (2021). The Sustainable Energy Development Index - An Application for European Union Member States. Energies, 14(4), 1117. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041117.
- Manowska, A., Bluszcz, A., Chomiak-Orsa, I., & Wowra, R. (2024, April 8). Towards Energy Transformation: A Case Study of EU Countries. Energies, 17(7), 1778. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071778.
- Nardo, M., Saisana, M., Saltelli, A., Tarantola, S., & Hoffmann, A. (2008, September 15). Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators: Methodology and User Guide. OECD publishing. OECD publishing. From European Commission: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC47008
- Pamfile, L. V. (2023, July). Energy transition: the importance of energy storage systems towards a more sustainable world. EMERG - Energy. Environment. Efficiency. Resources. Globalization, 9(2), 37-61. https://doi.org/10.37410/EMERG.2023.2.03.
- Pamfile, L. V. (2024). Digitalisation of the energy industry as a prerequisite for the energy transition. EMERG - Energy. Environment. Efficiency. Resources. Globalization, X(2), 61- 82. https://doi.org/10.37410//EMERG.2024.2.04.
- Pamfile, L. V. (2024). Energy Transition: The Impact of Increasing Energy Production from Renewable Sources on the Commercial Optimization Process of Conventional Power Generation Assets. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence. 18(1), pp. 1221-1260. https://doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2024-0104. Sciendo.
- Renou-Maissant, P., Abdesselam, R., & Bonnet, J. (2022, April 04). Trajectories for Energy Transition in EU-28 Countries over the Period 2000–2019: a Multidimensional Approach. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 27, 525–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-022- 09816-7.
- Sandu, M., Ocenic, E., Vrișcu, M., & Shakir, A. (2025, October). Models of Economic Recovery Through Digitalization in the European Union: A Comparative Study on Energy Companies in Romania and Poland. Review of International Comparative Management, 26(4), pp. 803-817. https://doi.org/10.24818/RMCI.2025.4.803.
- Saraji, K., & Streimikiene, D. (2024, April 5). A novel multicriteria assessment framework for evaluating the performance of the EU in dealing with challenges of the low-carbon energy transition: an integrated Fermatean fuzzy approach. Sustainable Environment Research, 34, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42834-024-00211-3.
- Siksnelyte-Butkiene, I., Streimikiene, D., Lekavicius, V., & Balezentis, T. (2024, March). Comprehensive analysis of energy security indicators and measurement of their integrity. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 200, 123167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.123167.
- Szép, T., Pálvölgyi, T., & Kármán-Tamus, É. (2022). Indicator-based assessment of sustainable energy performance in the European Union. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, 34, 107-124. https://doi.org/10.54337/ijsepm.7055.
- Tanțău, A., & Șanta, A.-M. I. (2021, February 9). New Energy Policy Directions in the European Union Developing the Concept of Smart Cities. Smart Cities, 4, 241-252. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4010015.
- Taylor, R., Bodel, W., Banford, A., Butler, G., & Livens, F. (2024, December 13). Sustainability of Nuclear Energy—A Critical Review from a UK Perspective. Sustainability, 16(24), 10952. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162410952.
- Usubiaga-Liaño, A., & Ekins, P. (2022, June 30). Are we on the right path? Measuring progress towards environmental sustainability in European countries. Sustainability Science, 18(2), pp. 755-770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-022-01167-2.
- Vîrjan, D., Popescu, C. R., Pop, I., & Popescu, D. (2023, May). Energy Transition and Sustainable Development at the Level of the European Union., 25(63),. Amfiteatru Economic, 25(63), 429-446. https://doi.org/10.24818/ea/2023/63/429.
- Walesiak, M., & Dehnel, G. (2024, February 28). Progress on SDG 7 achieved by EU countries in relation to the target year 2030: A multidimensional indicator analysis using dynamic relative taxonomy. Plos One, p. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297856.
- World Bank. (2026). Debt-Carrying Capacity. From The World Bank: https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/LIC%20DSF/Site%20File/station4.html
- World Economic Forum. (2024, June 19). Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2024. From World Economic Forum: https://www.weforum.org/publications/fostering-effectiveenergy- transition-2024/
- World Economic Forum. (2025, June 18). Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2025. From World Economic Forum: https://www.weforum.org/publications/fostering-effectiveenergy- transition-2025/
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2026-0135 | Journal eISSN: 2558-9652
Language: English
Page range: 1788 - 1808
Published on: Jul 21, 2026
Published by: Bucharest University of Economic Studies
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Lucian V. PAMFILE, published by Bucharest University of Economic Studies
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.