Strategic Dilemmas in Digital Educational Product Development: Cooperation vs. Competition
By: Teodora DANEVA
References
- Adachi et al. (2025). Extending the Triple Helix model: Collaboration through “moments of community” among edtech, university and government. Industry and Higher Education, 39(6), 605–615.
- Andrews, K.R. (1971). The Concept of Corporate Strategy. Irwin, Homewood.
- Ansoff, H.L. (1965). Corporate Strategy. McGraw-Hill, New York.
- Bain, S. (1956). Barriers to New Competition: Their Character and Consequences in Manufacturing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Bain, S. (1959). Industrial Organization: A Treatise. Hoboken: John Wiley.
- Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99-120.
- Bengtsson, M., Raza-Ullah, T. (2016). A systematic review of research on coopetition: Toward a multilevel understanding. Industrial Marketing Management, 57, 23–39.
- Bengtsson, M.,Kock, S. (2000). Coopetition in Business Networks to Cooperate and Compete Simultaneously. Industrial Marketing Management, 29, 411-426.
- Brandenburger, A., Nalebuff, B. (1996). Co-Opetition: A Revolution Mindset That Combines Competition and Cooperation. Harvard business Press, Cambridge.
-
Chandler, A.D. (1962). Strategy and structure: chapters in the history of the
Chandler A.D. ( 1962 ). Strategy and structure: chapters in the history of the
- Dean, J. (1951). Cyclical Policy on the Advertising Appropriation. Journal of Marketing, 15(3), 265-273.
- Dyer, J. H., Singh, H. (1998). The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive. The Academy of Management Review, 23, 4, 660-679.
- Eurostat (2023). General government total expenditure on education [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/ index.php?title=File:General_government_total_expenditure_on_education,_20 23_.png (Accessed: 31 January 2026).
- Ferrigno, Giulio et al (2024). Explaining the Interplay of Value Creation and Value Appropriation in Strategic Alliances: A Developmental Perspective. International Journal of Management Reviews, 26, 2, 232-253.
- Forbes Bulgaria (2025). 180 mln. leva za digitalizatsiya: Digitalni horizonti sabira IT sektora i traditsionniya biznes na 31 yuli v Sofia [online] Available at: https://forbesbulgaria.com/2025/07/21/180-mln-leva-za-digitalizatsiya-digitalni-horizontisabira- it-sektora-i-traditsionniya-biznes-na-31-yuli-v-sofiya/(Accessed: 31 January 2026).
- Gulati, J.L. (1998). Alliances and Networks, Strategic Management Journal, 19 (4), 293-317.
- Haleem et al. (2022). Understanding the role of digital technologies in education: A review. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 275–285. industrial enterprise. Cambridge, [Mass.] M.I.T. Press.
- Khanna, T., Gulati, R.,Nohria, N. (1998). The Dynamics of Learning Alliances: Competition, Cooperation, and Relative Scope. Strategic Management Journal, 19(3), 193–210.
- Kotler, P. (1967). Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, and Control. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River.
- Kucirkova, N., (2025). Academia–industry partnerships in edtech: bridging the gaps in engaged research. Research for All, 9(1), 2-12.
- Marchese S, Gastaldi L, Corso M. (2025). Thriving in turbulent environments through adaptive forms of organizing. Management Decision, 63(6), 2038–2060
- Market Data Forecast (2025). Education technology market size, share, trends & forecasts [online]Available at: https://www.marketdataforecast.com/market-reports/education-technology-market (Accessed: 31 January 2026).
- Mason, S. (1939). Price and Production Policies of Large Scale Enterprises. The American Economic Review, 29, 61-74.
- Meadows, D.H. (2008). Thinking in Systems: A Primer. Chelsea Green, White River Junction.
- Mintzberg et al. (2003). The Strategy Process, 4. Harlow: Pearson Education.
- Mintzberg, H., Gosling, J. (2002). Educating Managers Beyond Borders. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 1(1), 64–76.
- OECD (2023). Education at a Glance 2023 Sources, Methodologies and Technical Notes. OECD Publishing, Paris
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2025). Education policy outlook 2025 [online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/education-policy-outlook-2025_c3f402ba-en.html (Accessed: 31 January 2026).
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2024). Education at a glance 2024: OECD indicators [online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/education-at-a-glance-2024_c00cad36-en.html (Accessed: 31 January 2026)
- Paseda O. (2025). Game theory applications in finance: a review of literature. Journal of Capital Markets Studies, 9(2), 106–131.
- Peteraf, M.A. (1993). The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View. Strategic Management Journal, 14, 179-191.
- Podolny, J. M., Page, K. L. (1998). Network Forms of Organization. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 57-76.
- Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Advantage.The Free Press. New York.
- Porter, M. (1998). The Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. NY: Free Press.
- Research and Markets (2025) E-learning market research report [online] Available at: https://www.researchandmarkets.com/report/e-learning (Accessed: 31 January 2026).
- Rumelt, P.(2011). Good Strategy/Bad Strategy: The Difference and Why It Matters. Crown Business, New York, 336
- Schwartz, B. (1989). Psychology of learning and behavior, 3. W W Norton & Co.
-
Scott, W.R., Davis, G.F. (2000). Organizations and Organizing: Rational, Natural and Open Systems Perspectives1, Routledge.
Scott W.R. Davis G.F. ( 2000 ). Organizations and Organizing: Rational, Natural and Open Systems Perspectives1, Routledge.
- Shapiro, C. (1989). The Theory of Business Strategy. The RAND Journal of Economics, 20(1), 125–137.
- Shelling, T. (1981). The Strategy of Conflict. Harvard University Press.
- Simon, H. A. (1957). Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization.2, New York, NY: Macmillan.
- Simon, H.A. (1982). Models of Bounded Rationality. 2, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
- Smith, R. (1956). Product Differentiation and Market Segmentation as Alternative Marketing Strategies. Journal of Marketing, 21, 3 - 8.
- Teece, D.J., Pisano, G., Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 509-533.
- Varadarajan, P. R., Jayachandran, S. (1999). Marketing Strategy: An Assessment of the State of the Field and Outlook. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27(2), 120-143.
- Vassileva, B., Daneva, T. (2025). The role of GenAI in transforming educational process in HEIs. Business & Management Compass, 69(1), 43–57.
- Weber, Y., Tarba, Y. S. (2014). Strategic Agility: A State of the Art Introduction to the Special Section on Strategic Agility. California Management Review, 56, 5-12.
- Weick, K. (1995). Sensemaking in Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Williamson, O.E. (1979) Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations. Journal of Law and Economics, 22, 233–261.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2026-0080 | Journal eISSN: 2558-9652
Language: English
Page range: 1041 - 1053
Published on: Jul 20, 2026
Published by: Bucharest University of Economic Studies
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Related subjects:
© 2026 Teodora DANEVA, published by Bucharest University of Economic Studies
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.