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Model Predictive Control of a New Low Cost 31-Level Inverter Cover

Model Predictive Control of a New Low Cost 31-Level Inverter

Power Electronics and Drives
Volume 10 (2025): Issue 1 (January 2025)
By: Mohamad N. Abdul Kadir,  Harith Al-Badrani and  Yasir M. Y. Ameen  
Open Access
|Oct 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

The proposed single-phase 31-level inverter circuit.
The proposed single-phase 31-level inverter circuit.

Figure 2.

The operation modes of the inverter system illustrate how the switching variables control the voltages: (a) The effect of (x3, x1) combinations on VAA′; (b) The effect of (x4, x2) combinations on VB′B; (c) The effect of x5 on VA′B′.
The operation modes of the inverter system illustrate how the switching variables control the voltages: (a) The effect of (x3, x1) combinations on VAA′; (b) The effect of (x4, x2) combinations on VB′B; (c) The effect of x5 on VA′B′.

Figure 3.

Comparison of the reference current with currents predicted by linear and cubic spline extrapolation.
Comparison of the reference current with currents predicted by linear and cubic spline extrapolation.

Figure 4.

Flow chart of the FCS-MPC control function. FCS-MPC, finite control set-model predictive control.
Flow chart of the FCS-MPC control function. FCS-MPC, finite control set-model predictive control.

Figure 5.

Simulation model of the FCS-MPC controlled 31-level inverter. FCS-MPC, finite control set-model predictive control.
Simulation model of the FCS-MPC controlled 31-level inverter. FCS-MPC, finite control set-model predictive control.

Figure 6.

Variation of capacitor voltage switching losses and current distortion with the weighting factors with one-step prediction horizon. THD, total harmonic distortion.
Variation of capacitor voltage switching losses and current distortion with the weighting factors with one-step prediction horizon. THD, total harmonic distortion.

Figure 7.

The 31-level inverter operation under the one-step prediction horizon MPC algorithm. The waveforms shown are reference and output current (top), the two capacitor voltages (middle) and the switching state (bottom). MPC, model predictive control.
The 31-level inverter operation under the one-step prediction horizon MPC algorithm. The waveforms shown are reference and output current (top), the two capacitor voltages (middle) and the switching state (bottom). MPC, model predictive control.

Figure 8.

The 31-level inverter operation under the two-step prediction horizon MPC algorithm. The waveforms shown are reference and output current (top), the two capacitor voltages (middle) and the switching state (bottom). MPC, model predictive control.
The 31-level inverter operation under the two-step prediction horizon MPC algorithm. The waveforms shown are reference and output current (top), the two capacitor voltages (middle) and the switching state (bottom). MPC, model predictive control.

Optimum weighting factors and the corresponding performance indicator with one-step prediction_

VariableKvKcTHD (io)∑ Vsw fsw ∫io,ref−io2dt/T \sqrt {\left( {\smallint {{\left( {{i_{o,ref}} - {i_o}} \right)}^2}dt} \right)/T} Vc1,dcVc2,dc
Value0.70.220.009652200.01643100.1 V201.2 V

Optimum weighting factors and the corresponding performance with two-step prediction_

VariableWSSKvKcTHD (io)∑Vsw fsw ∫io,ref−io2dt/T \sqrt {\left( {\smallint {{\left( {{i_{o,ref}} - {i_o}} \right)}^2}dt} \right)/T} Vc1,dcVc2,dc
Value0.250.70.220.009732230.0152100.2 V201.1 V

Comparison of the proposed 31 level inverter to other comparable designs_

[Ref]Saforo et al. (2020)Arif et al. (2021)Panda et al. (2021)Memon et al. (2024)Khasim and Dhanamjayulu (2022)Radhakrishnan et al. (2024)Proposed
NLevels17171713332531
Ndc2141442
Ndc/NLevels0.1180.0590.2350.0770.12120.160.064
Ns12121012161310
NswNlevel {{{N_{sw}}} \over {{N_{level}}}} 0.7060.7060.5880.9230.4850.520.322
Ncap4303002
TSV: ∑ Voff,sw/Vo.max, p3.3754.5542.9-2.5
TCV: ∑ Vcap/Vo.max, p10.87500.833000.2
(Max no. of switches in current path)/levels4/17 = 0.2346/17 = 0.3535/17 = 0.2945/13 = 0.3857/33 = 0.2126/25 = 0.245/31 = 0.161

Circuit and 31-level inverter parameters_

ParameterSymbolValue
Voltage stepE100 V
The loadR, L100 Ω, L = 0.2 H
Reference current io* i_o^* 12 sin (100 πt)
Inverter capacitorsC1, C2100 µF
MOSFETRon, Roff0.1 Ω, 100 kΩ
Sampling timeTs0.5 ms
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pead-2025-0023 | Journal eISSN: 2543-4292 | Journal ISSN: 2451-0262
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Language: English
Page range: 342 - 356
Submitted on: Jul 13, 2025
|
Accepted on: Sep 30, 2025
|
Published on: Oct 31, 2025
Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
asymmetrical multilevel inverter,
model predictive control,
capacitors voltage-balancing,
flying capacitors
Related subjects:
Computer sciences,
Artificial intelligence,
Engineering,
Electrical engineering,
Electronics

© 2025 Mohamad N. Abdul Kadir, Harith Al-Badrani, Yasir M. Y. Ameen, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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