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Saaty’s comparison note (Saaty and Vargas, 2012)
| Significance level | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 2, 4, 6, 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definition | Equally important | Moderate important | Strong important | Very strong important | Extreme important | Moderate values |
Alternatives and criteria
| Alternatives | A1 | Unipolar microgrid | Figure 1 |
| A2 | Bipolar microgrid | Figure 2 | |
| A3 | Ring topology | Wang et al. (2023) | |
| A4 | Multi-terminal topology | Bouchekara et al. (2023) | |
| A5 | Multi-bus topology | Dali et al. (2022) | |
| Criteria | C1 | Cost | |
| C2 | Protection | ||
| C3 | Resilience |
Consumer scenarios
| Scenarios | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | 5S | S6 | S7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combined criteria | C1 = C2 = C3 | C2 > C3 > C1 | C2 > C1 > C3 | C3 > C2 > C1 | C3 > C1 > C2 | C1 > C2 > C3 | C1 > C3 > C2 |
Data from scientific articles
| Criterion alternatives | Cost (20%) | Short-circuit resilience (40%) | Protection complexity (30%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unipolar DC MG | Economical for basic setups | Limited | Low |
| Bipolar DC MG | Moderate | Enhanced redundancy (20%) | Moderate |
| Ring topology | Moderate | Self-healing capabilities (30%) | Moderate |
| Multi-terminal | High | Adaptive energy management (20%) | High |
| Multi-bus | High | Fault isolation and modular replacement (30%) | High |
Cost component comparison (Eskander and Silva, 2023; Jena et al_, 2021)
| Component | PV | Wind (1 kW) | Boost | Buck | AC/DC | Bid- conv | Balancer converter | Circuit breaker | Cables (3 kW) | Total cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Topology | ||||||||||
| Unipolar DC MG (3 kW) | €2,000 (CS6K-300) | €2,500 (Bergey Excel) | €350 (Energy Skylla) | €200 (MeanWell) | €800 (SMA Sunny Island) | €800 (SMA Sunny Island) | Not required | €150 (ABB S202) | €200 (Sola Cable) | €6,150 |
| Bipolar DC MG (3 kW) | €2,000 (CS6K-300) | €2,500 (Bergey Excel) | €350 (E. Skylla) | €200 (MeanWell) | €800 (SMA Sunny Island) | €800 (SMA Sunny Island) | €600 (Victron Energy BMV-702) | €150 (ABB S202) | €200 (Solar Cable) | €11,07 |
Microgrids in the literature (Kumar and Prabha, 2022; Punitha et al_, 2024)
| Topology | Type | Characteristics | Usage frequency (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| AC microgrid | AC | Standard, widely used, less efficient for DC systems | 25 |
| Unipolar DC microgrid | DC | Simple, low-cost, suitable for small-scale systems | 13 |
| Bipolar DC microgrid | DC | More reliable, reduces losses compared to unipolar | 12 |
| Multi-terminal DC | DC | Connects multiple sources and loads, modular | 11 |
| Multi-bus DC | DC | Flexible load distribution and efficient control | 10 |
| Ring DC | DC | High resilience, continuous power supply | 10 |
| Radial DC | DC | Simple, but vulnerable to faults; low redundancy | 5 |
| Mesh DC | DC | High reliability, but complex control | 4 |
| Star DC | DC | Centralised, best for small systems | 3 |
Microgrids and bus characteristics
| Topology | Unipolar DC microgrid | Bipolar DC microgrid |
|---|---|---|
| Bus parameters | Single positive rail and ground | Positive, neutral and negative rails |
| Bus voltage | Single voltage (positive to ground) | Three-wire voltage (positive, neutral and negative) |
| Bus complexity | Simpler, with fewer components | More complex, with more components for balancing |
| Protection | Simple overcurrent/short-circuit protection | More complex, requiring balancing and fault detection for both rails |
| Voltage levels | 300 V | ±200 V |
| Power of sources | Pv (2 kW), wind (1 kW) | Pv (2 kW), wind (1 kW) |
| Load options | One voltage level per load, Load 1 (2 kW) | Load 2 (1 kW), load 3 (1 kW) |