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Motivational Dimensions Among Athletes with Physical Disabilities in Türkiye: Sociodemographic and Sport-Related Correlates Cover

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Motivational Dimensions Among Athletes with Physical Disabilities in Türkiye: Sociodemographic and Sport-Related Correlates

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

Volume 112 (2026): Issue 1 (January 2026)

By: Selçuk Buğdaycı , Gül Eda Burmaoğlu and Uğur Abakay

Open Access

|Nov 2026

Figures & tables

Table 1

Descriptive statistics and internal consistency of the motivation subscales.

Subscale	Items	Possible range	Observed range	M	SD	Mean item score	Cronbach’s α
Intrinsic motivation	12	12–60	12–60	50.37	9.52	4.20	0.962
Extrinsic motivation	5	5–25	7–25	19.02	4.07	3.80	0.851
Amotivation	5	5–25	5–25	17.39	5.50	3.48	0.871

Note. Mean item scores were calculated to facilitate comparison across subscales containing different numbers of items.

Source: Authors’ contribution.

Table 2

Motivation scores according to sex.

Outcome	Women, M (SD)	Men, M (SD)	Test statistic	Unadjusted p	Holm-adjusted p	Cohen’s d
Intrinsic motivation	50.22 (10.37)	50.46 (9.05)	−0.174	0.862	0.862	−0.03
Extrinsic motivation	18.03 (4.69)	19.59 (3.57)	−2.485	0.014	0.028	−0.39
Amotivation	19.38 (4.23)	16.26 (5.82)	4.409	<0.001	<0.003	0.59

Note. Positive values of Cohen’s d indicate higher scores among women; negative values indicate higher scores among men.

Source: Authors’ contribution.

Table 3

Motivation scores according to marital status.

Outcome	Married, M (SD)	Single, M (SD)	Test statistic	Unadjusted p	Holm-adjusted p	Cohen’s d
Intrinsic motivation	51.09 (9.28)	50.04 (9.65)	0.732	0.465	0.742	0.11
Extrinsic motivation	18.69 (3.20)	19.18 (4.41)	−0.897	0.371	0.742	−0.12
Amotivation	19.38 (5.28)	16.48 (5.38)	3.590	<0.001	<0.003	0.54

Note. Positive values of Cohen’s d indicate higher scores among married athletes.

Source: Authors’ contribution.

Table 4

Motivation scores according to income category.

Outcome	Lower category, M (SD)	Middle category, M (SD)	Upper category, M (SD)	Welch’s F	Unadjusted p	η ²	Holm-adjusted p
Intrinsic motivation	47.54 (11.27)	50.89 (9.31)	53.47 (4.94)	6.966	0.001	0.048	0.002
Extrinsic motivation	19.34 (3.75)	18.23 (4.38)	20.74 (3.01)	7.467	0.001	0.055	0.002
Amotivation	16.30 (4.67)	17.08 (6.13)	20.00 (3.95)	9.708	<0.001	0.056	<0.003

Note. Income-category labels distinguish the three categories represented in the study sample.

Source: Authors’ contribution.

Table 5

Significant Games–Howell post hoc comparisons.

Grouping factor	Outcome	Comparison	Mean difference	95% CI	p
Education	Intrinsic motivation	High school–postgraduate	−1.75	[−2.60, −0.90]	<0.001
Education	Extrinsic motivation	Primary–high school	7.95	[1.99, 13.90]	0.012
Education	Extrinsic motivation	Primary–postgraduate	1.20	[0.16, 2.23]	0.017
Education	Extrinsic motivation	High school–university	−7.22	[−13.18, −1.26]	0.020
Education	Extrinsic motivation	High school–postgraduate	−6.75	[−12.71, −0.79]	0.029
Education	Amotivation	Primary–high school	−4.79	[−6.56, −3.01]	<0.001
Education	Amotivation	Primary–university	−2.89	[−4.96, −0.82]	0.002
Education	Amotivation	Primary–postgraduate	−5.29	[−6.97, −3.60]	<0.001
Education	Amotivation	High school–university	1.89	[0.24, 3.55]	0.019
Education	Amotivation	University–postgraduate	−2.39	[−3.95, −0.84]	<0.001
Income	Intrinsic motivation	Lower–upper category	−5.93	[−9.87, −2.00]	0.002
Income	Extrinsic motivation	Middle–upper category	−2.51	[−4.05, −0.97]	<0.001
Income	Amotivation	Lower–upper category	−3.70	[−5.79, −1.62]	<0.001
Income	Amotivation	Middle–upper category	−2.92	[−5.00, −0.85]	0.003

Note. Mean differences were calculated as the first group minus the second group.

Source: Authors’ contribution.

Table 6

Correlations between years of sport participation and motivation.

Outcome	r	Unadjusted p	Holm-adjusted p	95% CI
Intrinsic motivation	0.140	0.045	0.090	[0.003, 0.272]
Extrinsic motivation	−0.082	0.242	0.242	[−0.217, 0.056]
Amotivation	0.191	0.006	0.018	[0.056, 0.320]

Source: Authors’ contribution.

Table 7

Multiple linear regression models predicting motivation.

Outcome and predictor	B	HC3 SE	β	95% CI	p
Intrinsic motivation
Age	0.14	0.19	0.125	[−0.23, 0.52]	0.453
Male sex	−0.32	1.88	−0.016	[−4.00, 3.35]	0.863
Single marital status	2.56	2.04	0.125	[−1.45, 6.56]	0.211
Team sport	0.57	1.53	0.030	[−2.43, 3.56]	0.710
Years of sport participation	0.03	0.17	0.022	[−0.31, 0.37]	0.850
High school	0.11	2.05	0.002	[−3.90, 4.13]	0.956
University	1.94	1.61	0.099	[−1.22, 5.10]	0.228
Postgraduate	1.27	2.30	0.036	[−3.23, 5.77]	0.580
Middle income category	3.39	1.89	0.178	[−0.33, 7.10]	0.074
Upper income category	5.54	2.10	0.227	[1.43, 9.65]	0.008
Extrinsic motivation
Age	0.04	0.07	0.083	[−0.10, 0.18]	0.562
Male sex	0.96	0.73	0.113	[−0.46, 2.38]	0.186
Single marital status	0.43	0.99	0.049	[−1.50, 2.36]	0.662
Team sport	−0.08	0.56	−0.009	[−1.18, 1.02]	0.890
Years of sport participation	−0.15	0.07	−0.237	[−0.28, −0.02]	0.025
High school	−7.26	2.00	−0.346	[−11.17, −3.35]	<0.001
University	−0.45	0.69	−0.053	[−1.79, 0.90]	0.513
Postgraduate	−2.39	0.89	−0.158	[−4.13, −0.64]	0.007
Middle income category	−0.72	0.76	−0.088	[−2.21, 0.78]	0.346
Upper income category	2.20	0.77	0.210	[0.68, 3.71]	0.004
Amotivation
Age	0.00	0.07	0.000	[−0.14, 0.14]	0.997
Male sex	−4.31	0.77	−0.377	[−5.81, −2.81]	<0.001
Single marital status	−2.57	1.14	−0.217	[−4.80, −0.34]	0.024
Team sport	2.41	0.76	0.219	[0.91, 3.90]	0.002
Years of sport participation	0.04	0.09	0.050	[−0.13, 0.22]	0.629
High school	4.88	0.98	0.172	[2.95, 6.81]	<0.001
University	2.83	0.94	0.249	[0.99, 4.68]	0.003
Postgraduate	1.88	1.12	0.092	[−0.31, 4.07]	0.093
Middle income category	−0.37	0.96	−0.034	[−2.25, 1.52]	0.701
Upper income category	2.88	1.08	0.204	[0.77, 4.99]	0.007

Note. Reference categories were woman, married, individual sport, primary education, and the lower income category. HC3 = heteroskedasticity-consistent standard error; B = unstandardised regression coefficient; β = standardised regression coefficient; CI = confidence interval.

Source: Authors’ contribution.

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2026-0020 | Journal eISSN: 1899-4849 | Journal ISSN: 2081-2221

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Language: English

Page range: 285 - 299

Submitted on: Sep 29, 2026

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Accepted on: Oct 7, 2026

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Published on: Nov 5, 2026

Published by: University of Physical Education in Warsaw

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: Volume open

Keywords:

Disability sport,

Extrinsic motivation,

Intrinsic motivation,

Physical disability,

Sport participation

Related subjects:

Cultural studies,

General cultural studies,

Business and economics,

Business management,

Sports and recreation,

Physical education,

Sociology of sports

© 2026 Selçuk Buğdaycı, Gül Eda Burmaoğlu, Uğur Abakay, published by University of Physical Education in Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 112 (2026): Issue 1 (January 2026)

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