Light Quartet Traits and Coaching Behaviors Among Sport Coaches: Examining the Indirect Effect of Positive Emotions

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1. Hope
2. Optimism	0.56**
3. Perseverance	0.31**	0.39**
4. Resilience	0.50**	0.64**	0.49**
5. TI	0.24**	0.32**	0.30**	0.32**
6. DB	0.25**	0.33**	0.17**	0.19**	0.62**
7. AB	0.09*	0.22**	0.08	0.03	0.07	0.44**
8. SS	0.10*	0.17**	0.09*	0.13**	0.26**	0.40**	0.48**
9. PB	0.24**	0.22**	0.16**	0.21**	0.59**	0.49**	0.16**	0.47**
10. Positive Emotions	0.13**	0.18**	0.22**	0.264**	0.35**	0.20**	−0.079	0.01	0.17**
Mean value	5.21	1.90	3.79	5.41	4.36	4.12	3.24	3.78	4.28	2.85
SD	0.90	0.50	0.60	0.89	0.58	0.64	0.96	0.78	0.68	0.58

Note: TI – training and instructions; DB – democratic behavior; AB – autocratic behavior; SS – social support; PB – positive feedback. Significant at level *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Table 2

Mediation results.

Predictor	Outcome	(a)	(b)	Direct effect (c′)	Indirect effect (ab)	Total effect (c)	SE (ab)	95% Boot CI
Hope	TI	0.056	0.516	0.134	0.028	0.163**	0.009	(0.011, 0.049)
	DB	0.056	0.209	0.122	0.011	0.134**	0.004	(0.004, 0.022)
	AB	0.056	−0.094	0.044	−0.005	0.039**	0.003	(−0.013, −0.007)
	SS	0.056	−0.008	0.055	−0.0004	0.055**	0.003	(−0.008, 0.006)
	PB	0.056	0.105	0.068	0.005	0.074**	0.002	(0.002, 0.011)
Optimism	TI	0.165	0.479	0.400	0.079	0.479**	0.019	(0.046, 0.122)
	DB	0.165	0.180	0.344	0.029	0.374**	0.009	(0.013, 0.053)
	AB	0.165	−0.124	0.226	−0.020	0.206**	0.008	(−0.041, −0.007)
	SS	0.165	−0.032	0.212	−0.005	0.207**	0.010	(−0.025, 0.015)
	PB	0.165	0.100	0.135	0.016	0.152**	0.005	(0.007, 0.029)
Perseverance	TI	0.289	0.472	0.488	0.136	0.625**	0.029	(0.087, 0.204)
	DB	0.289	0.209	0.215	0.060	0.276**	0.017	(0.031, 0.102)
	AB	0.289	−0.104	0.132	−0.030	0.102**	0.013	(−0.061, −0.007)
	SS	0.289	−0.018	0.156	−0.005	0.150**	0.018	(−0.042, 0.033)
	PB	0.289	0.106	0.117	0.030	0.147**	0.009	(0.014, 0.053)
Resilience	TI	0.098	0.453	0.146	0.044	0.191**	0.008	(0.029, 0.064)
	DB	0.098	0.200	0.066	0.019	0.085**	0.005	(0.010, 0.032)
	AB	0.098	−0.096	0.022	−0.009	0.012**	0.004	(−0.019, −0.001)
	SS	0.098	−0.038	0.066	−0.003	0.062**	0.006	(−0.015, 0.009)
	PB	0.098	0.091	0.049	0.009	0.058**	0.003	(0.003, 0.015)

Note. TI = training and instruction; DB = democratic behavior; AB = autocratic behavior; SS = social support; PB = positive feedback. a = effect of the predictor on positive emotions; b = effect of positive emotions on the outcome; c′ = direct effect; ab = indirect effect; c = total effect; Boot SE = bootstrap standard error; Boot CI = bootstrap confidence interval. Indirect effects were evaluated using 10,000 bootstrap resamples and were considered statistically significant when the 95% bootstrap confidence interval did not include zero. Significant at the **p < 0.01 level.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2026-0019 | Journal eISSN: 1899-4849 | Journal ISSN: 2081-2221

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Language: English

Page range: 269 - 284

Submitted on: Jun 17, 2026

Accepted on: Sep 28, 2026

Published on: Oct 27, 2026

Published by: University of Physical Education in Warsaw

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: Volume open

Keywords:

Related subjects:

General cultural studies,

Business and economics,

Business management,

Industries,

Sports,

Sports and recreation,

Physical education,

Sociology of sports

© 2026 Deljun R. Rodriguez, Imelu G. Mordeno, Jet C. Longakit, published by University of Physical Education in Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 112 (2026): Issue 1 (January 2026)