Have a personal or library account? Click to login

Participation and Reasons for Non-participation in Sport and Recreational Activities Before and After the Outbreak of COVID-19: Analysis of Data From the 2016 and 2021 Poland National Sports Participation Survey

Open Access
|Oct 2023

References

  1. Abate Daga, F., Agostino, S., Peretti, S., & Beratto, L. (2021). Covid-19 nationwide lockdown and physical activity profiles among North-western Italian population using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Sport Sciences for Health, 17(2), 459–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-021-00745-8
  2. Ammar, A., Brach, M., Trabelsi, K., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O., Masmoudi, L., Bouaziz, B., Bentlage, E., How, D., Ahmed, M., Müller, P., Müller, N., Aloui, A., Hammouda, O., Paineiras-Domingos, L. L., Braakman-Jansen, A., Wrede, C., Bastoni, S., Pernambuco, C. S., . . . Hoekelmann, A. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Eating Behaviour and Physical Activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 International Online Survey. Nutrients, 12(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061583
  3. Assaloni, R., Pellino, V. C., Puci, M. V., Ferraro, O. E., Lovecchio, N., Girelli, A., & Vandoni, M. (2020). Coronavirus disease (Covid-19): How does the exercise practice in active people with type 1 diabetes change? A preliminary survey. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 166, 108297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108297
  4. Barbosa, J. P., Farah, B. Q [Breno Quintella], Chehuen, M., Cucato, G. G., Farias Júnior, J. C., Wolosker, N., Forjaz, C. L., Gardner, A. W., & Ritti-Dias, R. M [Raphael Mendes] (2015). Barriers to physical activity in patients with intermittent claudication. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22(1), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-014-9408-4
  5. Barrett, E. M., Wyse, J., & Forde, C. (2022). Did physical activity and associated barriers change during COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland? Repeated cross-sectional study. Health Promotion International, 37(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daac127
  6. Bethancourt, H. J., Rosenberg, D. E., Beatty, T., & Arterburn, D. E. (2014). Barriers to and facilitators of physical activity program use among older adults. Clinical Medicine & Research, 12(1–2), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2013.1171.
  7. Biernat, E. (2015). Factors increasing the risk of inactivity among administrative, technical, and manual workers in Warszawa public institutions. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 28(2), 283–294. https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00194
  8. Biernat, E., & Piątkowska, M. (2018a). Leisure-time physical activity as a compensation for sedentary behaviour of professionally active population. Work (Reading, Mass.), 60(2), 329–338. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-182727
  9. Biernat, E., & Piątkowska, M. (2018b). Stay active for life: Physical activity across life stages. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 13, 1341–1352. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S167131
  10. Biernat, E., Skrok, Ł., & Krzepota, J. (2019). Short-Term and Medium-Term Impact of Retirement on Sport Activity, Self-Reported Health, and Social Activity of Women and Men in Poland. BioMed Research International, 2019(7), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8383540
  11. Biernat, E., Skrok, Ł., Majcherek, D., & Nałęcz, H. (2020). Socioecological Profile of Active Adults. Sport as a Whole-life Choice. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 85(1), 59–76. https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2020-0007
  12. Boer, W. I. J. de, Mierau, J. O., Schoemaker, J., Viluma, L., & Koning, R. H. (2021). The impact of the Covid-19 crisis on socioeconomic differences in physical activity behavior: Evidence from the Lifelines COVID-19 cohort study. Preventive Medicine, 153, 106823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106823
  13. Breuer, C., Hallmann, K., & Wicker, P. (2011). Determinants of sport participation in different sports. Managing Leisure, 16(4), 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2011.613625
  14. Carvalho, J., Borges-Machado, F., Pizarro, A. N., Bohn, L., & Barros, D. (2021). Home Confinement in Previously Active Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Physical Fitness and Physical Activity Behavior and Their Relationship With Depressive Symptoms. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 643832. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643832
  15. Cavalcante, B. R., Farah, B. Q [Breno Q.], dos A Barbosa, J. P., Cucato, G. G., Da Rocha Chehuen, M., Da Silva Santana, F., Wolosker, N., Moraes Forjaz, C. L. de, & Ritti-Dias, R. M [Raphael M.] (2015). Are the barriers for physical activity practice equal for all peripheral artery disease patients? Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96(2), 248–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2014.09.009
  16. CDCP. (2022, June 22). Overcoming Barriers to Physical Activity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC 24/7: Saving Lives, Protecting People. https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/adding-pa/barriers.html
  17. Chen, P., Mao, L., Nassis, G. P., Harmer, P., Ainsworth, B. E., & Li, F. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): The need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(2), 103–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.001
  18. Chirico, A., Lucidi, F., Galli, F., Giancamilli, F., Vitale, J., Borghi, S., La Torre, A., & Codella, R. (2020). Covid-19 Outbreak and Physical Activity in the Italian Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Underlying Psychosocial Mechanisms. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2100. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02100
  19. Christensen, A., Bond, S., & McKenna, J. (2022). The COVID-19 Conundrum: Keeping safe while becoming inactive. A rapid review of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and exercise in adults by gender and age. PloS One, 17(1), e0263053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263053
  20. Ding, C., Feng, G., Yuan, F., Gong, W., Yao, Y., Ma, Y., Zhang, Y [Yan], & Liu, A. (2019). Temporal Trends and Recent Correlates in Sedentary Behaviors among Chinese Adults from 2002 to 2010–2012. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010158
  21. Do, B., Kirkland, C., Besenyi, G. M., Carissa Smock, M., & Lanza, K. (2022). Youth physical activity and the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine Reports, 29, 101959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101959
  22. Duncan, G. E., Avery, A. R., Seto, E., & Tsang, S. (2020). Perceived change in physical activity levels and mental health during COVID-19: Findings among adult twin pairs. PloS One, 15(8), e0237695. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237695
  23. EC. (2018). Special Eurobarometer 472: Sport and physical activity (v1.00). European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication. http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/S2164_88_4_472_ENG
  24. Farah, B. Q [Breno Quintella], do Prado, W. L., Malik, N., Lofrano-Prado, M. C., Melo, P. H. de, Botero, J. P., Cucato, G. G., Almeida Correia, M. de, & Ritti-Dias, R. M [Raphael Mendes] (2021). Barriers to physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic in adults: A cross-sectional study. Sport Sciences for Health, 17(2), 441–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-020-00724-5
  25. Feil, K., Allion, S., Weyland, S., & Jekauc, D. (2021). A Systematic Review Examining the Relationship Between Habit and Physical Activity Behavior in Longitudinal Studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 626750. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626750
  26. Francisco, R., Pedro, M., Delvecchio, E., Espada, J. P., Morales, A., Mazzeschi, C., & Orgilés, M. (2020). Psychological Symptoms and Behavioral Changes in Children and Adolescents During the Early Phase of COVID-19 Quarantine in Three European Countries. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 570164. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.570164
  27. Girgin, N., & Okudan, B. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic and perceived exercise benefits and barriers: A cross-sectional study on Turkish society perceptions of physical activity. Australian Journal of General Practice, 50(5), 322–327. https://doi.org/10.31128/AJGP-08-20-5572
  28. Górnicka, M., Drywień, M. E., Zielinska, M. A., & Hamułka, J. (2020). Dietary and Lifestyle Changes During COVID-19 and the Subsequent Lockdowns among Polish Adults: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey PLifeCOVID-19 Study. Nutrients, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082324
  29. Gray, P. M., Murphy, M. H., Gallagher, A. M., & Simpson, E. E. (2016). Motives and Barriers to Physical Activity Among Older Adults of Different Socioeconomic Status. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 24(3), 419–429. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2015-0045
  30. Grima, S., Grima, A., Thalassinos, E., Seychell, S., & Jonathan (2017). Theoretical Models for Sport Participation: Literature Review. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, V(Issue 3), 94–116. https://doi.org/10.35808/ijeba/138
  31. Guan, H., Okely, A. D., Aguilar-Farias, N., Del Pozo Cruz, B., Draper, C. E., El Hamdouchi, A., Florindo, A. A., Jáuregui, A., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Kontsevaya, A., Löf, M., Park, W., Reilly, J. J., Sharma, D., Tremblay, M. S., & Veldman, S. L. C. (2020). Promoting healthy movement behaviours among children during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health, 4(6), 416–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30131-0
  32. GUS. (2017). Participation in sports and recreation in 2016. Warszawa. Główny Urząd Statystyczny. https://stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5495/4/3/1/uczestnictwo_w_sporcie_i_rekreacji_ruchowej_w_2016_r.pdf
  33. GUS. (2022). Participation in sports and recreational activities in 2021. Warszawa, Rzeszów. Główny Urząd Statystyczny. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/kultura-turystyka-sport/sport/uczestnictwo-w-sporcie-i-rekreacji-ruchowej-w-2021-r-,4,4.html
  34. Hammami, A., Harrabi, B., Mohr, M., & Krustrup, P. (2022). Physical activity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): specific recommendations for home-based physical training. Managing Sport and Leisure, 27(1–2), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1757494
  35. Hartmann-Tews, I. (2016). Social stratification in sport and sport policy in the European Union. European Journal for Sport and Society, 3(2), 109–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2006.11687784
  36. Herazo-Beltrán, Y., Pinillos, Y., Vidarte, J., Crissien, E., Suarez, D., & García, R. (2017). Predictors of perceived barriers to physical activity in the general adult population: A cross-sectional study. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 21(1), 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2016.04.003
  37. Honey-Roses, J., Anguelovski, I., Bohigas, J., Chireh, V., Daher, C., Konijnendijk, C., Litt, J., Mawani, V., McCall, M., Orellana, A., Oscilowicz, E., Sánchez, U., Senbel, M., Tan, X., Villagomez, E., Zapata, O., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Public Space: A Review of the Emerging Questions. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/rf7xa
  38. Huebschmann, A. G., Crane, L. A., Belansky, E. S., Scarbro, S., Marshall, J. A., & Regensteiner, J. G. (2011). Fear of injury with physical activity is greater in adults with diabetes than in adults without diabetes. Diabetes Care, 34(8), 1717–1722. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1801
  39. Idoiaga, N., Berasategi, N., Eiguren, A., & Picaza, M. (2020). Exploring Children’s Social and Emotional Representations of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1952. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01952
  40. James, C. E. (2020, November 12). Racial inequity, COVID-19 and the education of black and other marginalized students. York University. https://rsc-src.ca
  41. Jarco, M. (2020, October 26). Badanie: praca zdalna efektywniejsza, ale zabiera więcej czasu [Study: Remote work is more effective, but takes more time]. PAP MediaRoom, 2020. https://pap-mediaroom.pl/biznes-i-finanse/badanie-praca-zdalna-efektywniejsza-ale-zabiera-wiecej-czasu
  42. Jiménez-Pavón, D., Carbonell-Baeza, A., & Lavie, C. J. (2020). Physical exercise as therapy to fight against the mental and physical consequences of COVID-19 quarantine: Special focus in older people. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 63(3), 386–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.03.009
  43. Justine, M., Azizan, A., Hassan, V., Salleh, Z., & Manaf, H. (2013). Barriers to participation in physical activity and exercise among middle-aged and elderly individuals. Singapore Medical Journal, 54(10), 581–586. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2013203
  44. Koh, Y. S., Asharani, P. V., Devi, F., Roystonn, K., Wang, P., Vaingankar, J. A., Abdin, E., Sum, C. F., Lee, E. S., Müller-Riemenschneider, F., Chong, S. A., & Subramaniam, M. (2022). A cross-sectional study on the perceived barriers to physical activity and their associations with domain-specific physical activity and sedentary behaviour. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1051. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13431-2
  45. Liu, S [Shuang], & Willoughby, J. F. (2018). Do Fitness Apps Need Text Reminders? An Experiment Testing Goal-Setting Text Message Reminders to Promote Self-Monitoring. Journal of Health Communication, 23(4), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2018.1455768
  46. López-Bueno, R., Calatayud, J., Casaña, J., Casajús, J. A., Smith, L., Tully, M. A., Andersen, L. L., & López-Sánchez, G. F. (2020). Covid-19 Confinement and Health Risk Behaviors in Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1426. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01426
  47. Lum, K. J., & Simpson, E. E. A. (2021). The impact of physical activity on psychological well-being in women aged 45–55 years during the Covid pandemic: A mixed-methods investigation. Maturitas, 153, 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.07.012
  48. Marashi, M. Y., Nicholson, E., Ogrodnik, M., Fenesi, B., & Heisz, J. J. (2021). A mental health paradox: Mental health was both a motivator and barrier to physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. PloS One, 16(4), e0239244. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239244
  49. McGrath, A., Murphy, N., & Richardson, N. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the wellbeing of Irish Men’s Shed members. Health Promotion International, 36(4), 1007–1019. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daaa113
  50. Meyer, J., McDowell, C., Lansing, J., Brower, C., Smith, L., Tully, M., & Herring, M. (2020). Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Response to COVID-19 and Their Associations with Mental Health in 3052 US Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186469
  51. Michie, S., Atkins, L., & West, R. (2014). The behaviour change wheel: A guide to designing interventions. Silverback Publ.
  52. Middleton, A., Simpson, K. N., Bettger, J. P., & Bowden, M. G. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemic and Beyond: Considerations and Costs of Telehealth Exercise Programs for Older Adults With Functional Impairments Living at Home-Lessons Learned From a Pilot Case Study. Physical Therapy, 100(8), 1278–1288. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzaa089
  53. Ng, N., Hakimi, M., van Minh, H., Juvekar, S., Razzaque, A., Ashraf, A., Masud Ahmed, S., Kanungsukkasem, U., Soonthornthada, K., & Huu Bich, T. (2009). Prevalence of physical inactivity in nine rural INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems in five Asian countries. Global Health Action, 2(1), 1985. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v2i0.1985
  54. Nienhuis, C. P., & Lesser, I. A. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Women’s Physical Activity Behavior and Mental Well-Being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239036
  55. Orlandi, M., Rosselli, M., Pellegrino, A., Boddi, M., Stefani, L., Toncelli, L., & Modesti, P. A. (2021). Gender differences in the impact on physical activity and lifestyle in Italy during the lockdown, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases : NMCD, 31(7), 2173–2180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2021.03.011
  56. Pfefferbaum, B. (2021). Challenges for Child Mental Health Raised by School Closure and Home Confinement During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Current Psychiatry Reports, 23(10). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-021-01279-z
  57. Politykazdrowotna. com (2021, March 4). Rok od pierwszego przypadku COVID-19 w Polsce [One year since the first case of COVID-19 in Poland], 2021. https://politykazdrowotna.com/artykul/rok-od-pierwszego-przypadku-covid-19-w-polsce/827374
  58. Rebar, A. L., Dimmock, J. A., Jackson, B., Rhodes, R. E., Kates, A., Starling, J., & Vandelanotte, C. (2016). A systematic review of the effects of non-conscious regulatory processes in physical activity. Health Psychology Review, 10(4), 395–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2016.1183505
  59. Rhodes, R. E., Liu, S [Sam], Lithopoulos, A., Zhang, C.-Q., & Garcia-Barrera, M. A. (2020). Correlates of Perceived Physical Activity Transitions during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Canadian Adults. Applied Psychology. Health and Well-Being, 12(4), 1157–1182. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12236
  60. Richardson, D. L., Tallis, J., Duncan, M. J., Clarke, N. D., & Myers, T. D. (2022). The ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on perceived physical activity, physical function and mood of older adults in the U.K: A follow-up study (March 2020-June 2021). Experimental Gerontology, 165, 111838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2022.111838
  61. Roberts-Lewis, S. F., Ashworth, M., White, C. M., & Rose, M. R. (2021). Covid-19 lockdown impact on the physical activity of adults with progressive muscle diseases. BMJ Neurology Open, 3(1), e000140. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjno-2021-000140
  62. Roche, C., Fisher, A., Fancourt, D., & Burton, A. (2022). Exploring Barriers and Facilitators to Physical Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159169
  63. Roshanaei-Moghaddam, B., Katon, W. J., & Russo, J. (2009). The longitudinal effects of depression on physical activity. General Hospital Psychiatry, 31(4), 306–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.04.002
  64. Rundle, A. G., Park, Y., Herbstman, J. B., Kinsey, E. W., & Wang, Y. C. (2020). Covid-19-Related School Closings and Risk of Weight Gain Among Children. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 28(6), 1008–1009. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22813
  65. Sallis, R., Young, D. R., Tartof, S. Y., Sallis, J. F., Sall, J., Li, Q., Smith, G. N., & Cohen, D. A. (2021). Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: A study in 48 440 adult patients. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(19), 1099–1105. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104080
  66. Scheerder, J., & Vos, S. (2016). Social stratification in adults’ sports participation from a time-trend perspective Results from a 40-year household study. European Journal for Sport and Society, 8(1–2), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2011.11687868
  67. Schmidt, T., & Pawlowski, C. S. (2020). Physical Activity in Crisis: The Impact of COVID-19 on Danes’ Physical Activity Behavior. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2, 610255. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.610255
  68. Skrok, Ł., Majcherek, D., Nałęcz, H., & Biernat, E. (2019). Impact of sports activity on Polish adults: Self-reported health, social capital & attitudes. PloS One, 14(12), e0226812. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226812
  69. Smith, L., Jacob, L., Butler, L., Schuch, F., Barnett, Y., Grabovac, I., Veronese, N., Caperchione, C., Lopez-Sanchez, G. F., Meyer, J., Abufaraj, M., Yakkundi, A., Armstrong, N., & Tully, M. A. (2020). Prevalence and correlates of physical activity in a sample of UK adults observing social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 6(1), e000850. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000850
  70. Stockwell, S., Trott, M., Tully, M., Shin, J., Barnett, Y., Butler, L., McDermott, D., Schuch, F., & Smith, L. (2021). Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: A systematic review. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 7(1), e000960. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000960
  71. Strain, T., Sharp, S. J., Spiers, A., Price, H., Williams, C., Fraser, C., Brage, S., Wijndaele, K., & Kelly, P. (2022). Population level physical activity before and during the first national COVID-19 lockdown: A nationally representative repeat cross-sectional study of 5 years of Active Lives data in England. The Lancet Regional Health. Europe, 12, 100265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100265
  72. Tallis, J., Richardson, D. L., & Eyre, E. L. J. (2022). The Influence of Easing COVID-19 Restrictions on the Physical Activity Intentions and Perceived Barriers to Physical Activity in UK Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912521
  73. van Veldhuijzen Zanten, J. J. C. S., Rouse, P. C., Hale, E. D., Ntoumanis, N., Metsios, G. S., Duda, J. L., & Kitas, G. D. (2015). Perceived Barriers, Facilitators and Benefits for Regular Physical Activity and Exercise in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review of the Literature. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 45(10), 1401–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0363-2
  74. Wang, Y., Zhang, Y [Yuqing], Bennell, K., White, D. K., Wei, J., Wu, Z., He, H., Liu, S [Shaohui], Luo, X., Hu, S., Zeng, C., & Lei, G. (2020). Physical Distancing Measures and Walking Activity in Middle-aged and Older Residents in Changsha, China, During the COVID-19 Epidemic Period: Longitudinal Observational Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(10), e21632. https://doi.org/10.2196/21632
  75. Wiśniewski, P. (04.2021). Jakość życia osób starszych w trakcie pandemii COVID-19. Raport z badania [Quality of life of older people during the COVID-19 pandemic. Research report]. SeniorHub Instytutu Polityki Senioralnej. https://seniorhub.pl/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Raport-Jakosc-zycia-osobstarszych-w-trakcie-pandemii-covid-19.pdf
  76. Wojtyniak, B., & Goryński, P. (Eds.). (2020). Health status of Polish population and its determinants. National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene. http://bazawiedzy.pzh.gov.pl/wydawnictwa
  77. Wojtyniak, B., & Goryński, P. (Eds.). (2022). Health status of Polish population and its determinants. National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene. https://www.pzh.gov.pl/raport-sytuacja-zdrowotna-ludnosci-polski-i-jej-uwarunkowania/
  78. Yarmohammadi, S., Mozafar Saadati, H., Ghaffari, M., & Ramezankhani, A. (2019). A systematic review of barriers and motivators to physical activity in elderly adults in Iran and worldwide. Epidemiology and Health, 41, e2019049. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2019049
  79. ZPP. (2021). Podsumowanie lockdownu w Polsce [Summary of the lockdown in Poland]. Warszawa. https://zpp.net.pl/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/25.01.2021-Business-Paper-Podsumowanie-lockdownu-w-Polsce.pdf
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2023-0025 | Journal eISSN: 1899-4849 | Journal ISSN: 2081-2221
Language: English
Page range: 63 - 76
Submitted on: Jun 10, 2023
Accepted on: Sep 13, 2023
Published on: Oct 18, 2023
Published by: University of Physical Education in Warsaw
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 times per year

© 2023 Monika Piątkowska, Elżbieta Biernat, published by University of Physical Education in Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.