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Protecting the intellectual property of built environment designs using blockchain technology

Open Access
|Sep 2023

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1:

Example of GUIDs highlighted within an IFC entity.
GUID, global unique identifier; IFC, Industry Foundation Classes.
Example of GUIDs highlighted within an IFC entity. GUID, global unique identifier; IFC, Industry Foundation Classes.

Fig. 2:

Illustration of the main sections in a generic IFC file.
IFC, Industry Foundation Classes.
Illustration of the main sections in a generic IFC file. IFC, Industry Foundation Classes.

Fig. 3:

Example of CID DAG.
CID, content identifier; DAG, directed acyclic graph.
Example of CID DAG. CID, content identifier; DAG, directed acyclic graph.

Fig. 4:

NFT smart contract written in Solidity.
NFT, non-fungible token.
NFT smart contract written in Solidity. NFT, non-fungible token.

Fig. 5:

Transaction confirmation page for deploying the smart contract.
UTC, universal time coordinated.
Transaction confirmation page for deploying the smart contract. UTC, universal time coordinated.

Fig. 6:

Design information example formatted to comply with JSON schema.
JSON, JavaScript Object Notation.
Design information example formatted to comply with JSON schema. JSON, JavaScript Object Notation.

Fig. 7:

Brownie Python script to mint a design NFT.
NFT, non-fungible token.
Brownie Python script to mint a design NFT. NFT, non-fungible token.

Fig. 8:

Transaction input data show the URI of the minted NFT.
NFT, non-fungible token; URI, uniform resource identifier.
Transaction input data show the URI of the minted NFT. NFT, non-fungible token; URI, uniform resource identifier.

Fig. 9:

OpenSea listing for the minted NFT as proof of ERC-721 compatibility.
ERC, Ethereum Request for Comment; NFT, non-fungible token.
OpenSea listing for the minted NFT as proof of ERC-721 compatibility. ERC, Ethereum Request for Comment; NFT, non-fungible token.

Fig. 10:

Test design models: (a) original design; (b) derivative design.
Test design models: (a) original design; (b) derivative design.

Hash formula used to generate the entities hash list_

ParameterValueParameter description
Hashing algorithmSHA256Determine the desired hashing algorithm
SaltIFCSalt is a set of characters used to increase the complexity of the original hashed content
Iteration1Number of times that the hash should be rehashed
Length64The number of characters in the generated hashes

Examples of the input and output of the hashing function_

Input (entity)Output (SHA256 hash)
#12=IFCDIRECTION((1.,0.,0.));“3d896c6580d86c5895a178d5bdb45ec3901cf3118881495c86caf38b70730a5b”
#14=IFCDIRECTION((-1.,0.,0.));“fd7a34687b10e217a47657bd93c49340ed00fa59a2f8667a072453160aef9767”
#16=IFCDIRECTION((0.,1.,0.));“8eeea131de37b45cc0057d63a7e115942257f3315791061adca5ff0704e7f9ea”
#18=IFCDIRECTION((0.,-1.,0.));“69f375f1c87d560e5981d8168070afdcf6f85953cad3e9d9b6a7e8b218a0c327”

Fingerprint testing results_

Comparison aspectsOriginal designDerivative design
Aspect 1: GUIDs
    Number of GUIDs353240
    Overlapping GUIDs238
Aspect 2: Entity hashes
    Number of hashes7,3775,232
    Overlapping hashes100
Aspect 3: IPFS CIDs
    Number of chunk CIDs32
    Overlapping CIDs0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/otmcj-2023-0011 | Journal eISSN: 1847-6228 | Journal ISSN: 1847-5450
Language: English
Page range: 157 - 168
Submitted on: Apr 27, 2022
Accepted on: Jul 16, 2023
Published on: Sep 14, 2023
Published by: University of Zagreb
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2023 Mohammad Darabseh, João Poças Martins, published by University of Zagreb
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.