Fig. 1:
Fig. 2:
Fig. 3:
T-test results_
| S. no. | Driver | Companies using green supply chain practices and companies not using green supply chain practices | Perception of companies whose people are involved in decision-making regarding the use of green supply chain practices and whose people are not involved in decision-making | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T | Sig (2 Tailed) | T | Sig (2 Tailed) | ||
| 1 | Impact of Top Management | 3.62 | 0 | 2.332 | 0.021 |
| 2 | Impact of Developer | 5.88 | 0 | 3.161 | 0.002 |
| 3 | Impact of Government Regulations | 5.63 | 0 | 2.961 | 0.004 |
| 4 | Impact of Green Professionals | 5.37 | 0 | 2.293 | 0.023 |
| 5 | Impact of BIM | 4.16 | 0 | 1.547 | 0.124 |
| 6 | Impact of BEM | 4.16 | 0 | 1.547 | 0.124 |
| 7 | Impact of PPMOF | 4.02 | 0 | 1.72 | 0.088 |
| 8 | Impact of Architect | 4.05 | 0 | 2.141 | 0.034 |
| 9 | Impact of Orientation | 2.51 | 0 | 1.784 | 0.076 |
| 10 | Impact of Green Design | 5.87 | 0 | 2.901 | 0.004 |
| 11 | Impact of Green Supplier | 0.15 | 0.88 | 0.922 | 0.358 |
| 12 | Impact of Recycling of material | 3.28 | 0 | 1.894 | 0.06 |
| 13 | Impact of Green Transportation | 2.78 | 0.01 | 2.117 | 0.036 |
j_otmcj-2023-0009_tab_004
| Cronbach’s alpha | Cronbach’s alpha based on standardised items | No. of items |
|---|---|---|
| 0.887 | 0.891 | 13 |
Multiple regression analysis_
| Hypothesis | Response variable | Predictor variable | R-square | Coefficient of regression | F value | P value | Decision |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H3 | Overall impact on project completion | 13 variables | 0.836 | 0.914 | 58.14 | 0.00 | Supported |
| H4 | Overall impact on project cost overrun | 13 variables | 0.849 | 0.922 | 64.2 | 0.01 | Supported |
| H5 | Overall impact on the project quality | 13 variables | 0.87 | 0.933 | 76.52 | 0.00 | Supported |
Green drivers as per literature review concerning LEED credit points_
| S. no. | Drivers | LEED credit points |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Top management | Site selection, community development |
| 2 | Developer | Site selection, community development |
| 3 | Government regulations | Site selection, community |
| 4 | Green professionals | Green professionals |
| 5 | BIM | Green building design |
| 6 | BEM | Green building design |
| 7 | PPMOF | Green building design |
| 8 | Architect | Green building design |
| 9 | Orientation | Site selection |
| 10 | Building design | Green building design |
| 11 | Material procurement | Proper use of materials and resources |
| 12 | Reverse logistics | Improving energy efficiency and atmosphere |
| 13 | Transportation | Improving energy efficiency and atmosphere |
Credits availed by the developer for the green building mall project_
| Credit no | Credit name | Comments | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Points available | Budget cost (in lakhs INR) | |||
| Orientation of building | ||||
| 1.0 | Site selection and development density and community connectivity | 2 | 0 | An inherent feature of project |
| Green transportation | ||||
| 2.0 | Green transportation, refuelling and alternative transportation | 3 | 3 | Cost of additional 15 amp plug points for an electric charging station in the parking |
| Building design | ||||
| 3.0 | Management of stormwater, heat effect and roof effect | 5 | 60 | The additional cost of the sand pit to be incorporated in the building design, reflective paint and China mosaic tiles add to the roof effect |
| A. Water efficiency | ||||
| 3.1 | Landscaping and irrigation, Air conditioning system, wastewater management | 6 | 0 | STP water is used for irrigation as per design guidelines |
| B. Energy and atmosphere | ||||
| 3.2 | Commissioning and energy performance optimisation | 12 | 797 | Commission agent fees and using energy performance techniques |
| Waste management and recycling | ||||
| 3.3 | Waste management and recycling | 6 | 0 | PMC will sell the waste generated on the project site |
| Indoor environmental quality | ||||
| 3.4 | Indoor and outdoor air quality and increased ventilation as well as smoke control | 3 | 100 | Incorporation of CO2 sensors in building design. Increasing ventilation by 30% above ASHRAE standards |
| Green sourcing | ||||
| 4.1 | Low-emission materials, paints, carpet and Agri fibre | 3 | 5 | Architect and PMC to assure compliance for this credit and the associated additional cost |
| Green professionals | ||||
| 4.2 | LEED accredited professionals | 2 | 10 | Additional cost for demonstration of green features |
| Additional cost | 42 | 955 | ||
| Consultancy fees for LEED certification | 45 | |||
| Total cost including consultancy fees (in INR lakh) | 1,000 | |||
Drivers and their use and impact using the Likert scale_
| Drivers | Use of drivers | Impact of drivers |
|---|---|---|
| Top management developer | 1 – not considering, 2 – planning to consider, 3 – consider it currently, 4 – initiating implementation and 5 – implemented successfully | 1 – not at all, 2 – insignificant, 3 – slightly significant, 4 – significant and 5 – highly significant |
| Government regulations green professionals BIM | ||
| BEM PPMOF | ||
| Architect orientation building design | ||
| Material procurement | ||
| Reverse logistics transportation |
j_otmcj-2023-0009_tab_005
| Cronbach’s alpha | Cronbach’s alpha based on standardised items | No. of items |
|---|---|---|
| 0.951 | 0.951 | 13 |
Demographic profile of respondents_
| Profession (%) | Position in project (%) | Educational background (%) | Association with real estate industry (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electrical engineer | 21 | Director | 19 | Higher than a master’s degree | 8 | 0–5 years | 0.4 |
| Mechanical engineer | 36 | Project manager | 73 | Master’s degree | 16 | 5–10 years | 0.6 |
| Civil engineer | 19 | Manager | 4 | Bachelor’s degree | 72 | 10–15 years | 8 |
| Architect | 19 | Engineer | 4 | HSC | 2 | 15–20 years | 3 |
| Quantity surveyor | 5 | SSC | 2 | >20 years | 88 | ||
RII of use of green supply drivers in construction_
| Use of green drivers | RII | Mean |
|---|---|---|
| Support top management | 0.795 | 3.952 |
| Support of developer | 0.749 | 3.725 |
| Support of government | 0.74 | 3.678 |
| Use of green design | 0.737 | 3.665 |
| Use of green procurement | 0.696 | 3.458 |
RII of the impact of green supply drivers on construction_
| Impact of green drivers | RII | Mean |
|---|---|---|
| Impact of top management | 0.787 | 3.912 |
| Impact of sourcing | 0.780 | 3.879 |
| Impact of recycling material | 0.772 | 3.838 |
| Impact of developer | 0.769 | 3.825 |
| Impact of fuel-efficient trucks | 0.767 | 3.824 |
Green supply chain drivers_
| S. no. | Clubbed driver | Principal drivers | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D1 top management | Top management commitment | Al-Ma’aitah (2018) and Karaduman et al. (2020) |
| Green human resource | |||
| Green culture | |||
| Green values | |||
| 2 | D2 developer | Role of contractor | Balasubramanian and Shukla (2017) |
| Role of architect | |||
| Role of subcontractor | |||
| 3 | D3 government regulations | Green financing | Qian et al. (2016) |
| Additional floor area ratio | |||
| Green bonds | Maltais and Nykvist (2021) | ||
| 4 | D4 green professionals | Managing environment | Karaduman et al. (2020), Ahmad (2015) and Shafaei et al. (2020) |
| Managing sustainable use of resources | |||
| 5 | D5 BIM | Integration of building services | Mohammed (2021), Edirisinghe (2018) and Alhamami et al. (2020). |
| 6 | D6 BEM | Cost reduction | Gerrish et al. (2017) |
| Energy modelling | |||
| 7 | D7 PPMOF | Prefabrication | Lavikka et al. (2021) |
| Preassembly | |||
| Modularisation | |||
| Offsite fabrication | |||
| 8 | D8 architect | Green design | Lee and Kim (2008), Mohammed (2021) and Ghaffarianhoseini et al. (2016) |
| 9 | D9 orientation | Building plan | Hammad et al. (2018) |
| Orientation of windows | |||
| 10 | D10 building design | HVAC | Cecere et al. (2019) and Ghaffarianhoseini et al. (2016) |
| Lighting | |||
| Air quality | |||
| Green ICT | |||
| 11 | D11 material procurement | Green supplier | Willar et al. (2020), Ali et al. (2019) and Karaduman et al. (2020) |
| Green warehousing | |||
| Green logistics | |||
| 12 | D12 reverse logistics | Recovery of construction waste | Vargas et al. (2021) |
| 13 | D13 transportation | Fuel efficient vehicles | Ying et al. (2021) |
| Truck full loads | |||
| Green transportation |