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Determinants of collaborative hybrid organisations in the construction industry of the Republic of Croatia

Open Access
|Sep 2023

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Remote site inspection with a remote expert system (Schranz et al. 2020).
Remote site inspection with a remote expert system (Schranz et al. 2020).

Fig. 2

AR capabilities and benefits connected with UC14. AR, augmented reality.
AR capabilities and benefits connected with UC14. AR, augmented reality.

Fig. 3

Doka verification buddy: Visualization of augmented work instructions in the field in combination with AI. AI, artificial intelligence.
Doka verification buddy: Visualization of augmented work instructions in the field in combination with AI. AI, artificial intelligence.

Fig. 4

AR capabilities and benefits connected with UC8. AR, augmented reality.
AR capabilities and benefits connected with UC8. AR, augmented reality.

Fig. 5

On-site navigation for excavator driver (Kirchbach 2014).
On-site navigation for excavator driver (Kirchbach 2014).

Fig. 6

AR capabilities and benefits connected with UC10. AR, augmented reality.
AR capabilities and benefits connected with UC10. AR, augmented reality.

Fig. 7

AR capabilities and benefits connected with UC21. AR, augmented reality.
AR capabilities and benefits connected with UC21. AR, augmented reality.

Fig. 8

On-site inspection: closed-loop data transfer. BCF, BIM collaboration format; IFC, Industry foundation classes; MVD, Model View Definition; GUID, Globally Unique Identifier; RFID, Radio-Frequency Identification.
On-site inspection: closed-loop data transfer. BCF, BIM collaboration format; IFC, Industry foundation classes; MVD, Model View Definition; GUID, Globally Unique Identifier; RFID, Radio-Frequency Identification.

Fig. 9

AR capabilities and benefits connected with UC7. AR, augmented reality.
AR capabilities and benefits connected with UC7. AR, augmented reality.

Fig. 10

Comprehensive map.
Comprehensive map.

Respondents’ function in enterprises_

FunctionF%
Senior management7762.6
Middle level management3226.0
Lower level management1411.4
Σ123100.0

Sample structure by the status of the contractor in the value chain_

Status of the contractor in the value chainF%
Main contractor8468.3
Subcontractor3931.7
Σ123100.0

Sample structure by the type of construction projects in which enterprises participate_

Project typeF%
Building3528.5
Infrastructure facilities8670.9
Others21.6
Σ123100.0

Statistical significance of affirmation of motives and obstacles in collaborative relations (sorted by size)_

μp
MOTIVES
Operational flexibility4.360.000
Lack of own capacities4.150.000
Achieving lower costs with increased workload4.150.000
Complementarity of resources and synergy4.110.000
Competitive advantage4.050.000
Access to new technologies3.930.000
Risk reduction3.920.000
Reputation3.890.000
Cost-sharing3.820.000
OBSTACLES
Satisfaction with market relations based on price3.460.000
Information leakage3.030.747
Loss of discretion in decision-making3.020.869
Legal uncertainty3.001.000
Subcontractor dependence2.980.799
Risk of subcontractors taking over customers and becoming competitors2.880.282

Differences in RG, LIS, SND, Operational flexibility and Enterprise performance with regard to legal form, company size and contractor status (aggregate)_

Legal formCompany sizeContractor status
Ltd.JSCpMPSPVPpGIPIP
RG3.913.910.973.963.913.880.833.953.860.42
LIS3.823.770.753.873.703.890.403.833.780.69
SND3.974.000.834.013.964.010.904.063.860.07

Distribution of enterprises by headquarters_

HeadquartersF%
Zagreb3226.0
Karlovac County2419.5
Primorje-Gorski Kotar County97.3
Split-Dalmatia County86.5
Osijek-Baranja County86.5
Zagreb County75.7
Istria County64.9
Brod-Posavina County54.0
Bjelovar-Bilogora County43.2
Vukovar-Syrmia County43.2
Zadar County43.2
Požega-Slavonia County32.4
Varaždin County32.4
Šibenik-Knin County21.6
Dubrovnik-Neretva County10.8
Koprivnica-Križevca County10.8
Krapina-Zagorje County10.8
Sisak-Moslavina County10.8
Σ123100.0

Sample structure by the location of construction projects in which enterprises participate_

Location of projectsF%
Locally6048.8
The Republic of Croatia5343.1
Croatia and other countries108.1
Σ123100.0

Differences in the importance of obstacles in collaboration with subcontractors regarding the legal form, company size and the contractor status_

Legal formCompany sizeContractor size
LtdRJSCRpMPRSPRVPRpGIRPIRp
Satisfaction with market relations based on price3.413.6110.3713.3313.4313.6310.3833.4613.4610.985
Subcontractor dependence2.8753.2140.165342.934340.94332.9260.710
Loss of discretion in decision-making2.9823.1350.5573.1322.935350.7172.9843.120.553
Risk of subcontractors taking over customers and becoming competitors2.8163.2330.1342.8852.962.8760.992.8562.9550.680
Information leakage2.9533.3920.0913.132.9833.0330.8853.0123.0830.771
Legal uncertainty2.9343.1360.4582.8863.0523.0720.7112.9853.0540.741

Importance of RG, LIS and SND with regard to legal form, company size and contractor status_

Legal formCompany sizeContractor status
LtdPJSCpMPpSPpVPpGIpPIp
RELATIONAL GOVERNANCEWe can count on our subcontractor to keep their promises3.780.0003.580.0013.880.0003.600.0003.760.0003.710.0003.790.000
We can count on the honesty of our subcontractor in doing business with our company3.770.0003.670.0004.030.0003.640.0003.650.0003.730.0003.870.000
Our subcontractor is a company that keeps its word3.890.0003.520.0074.080.0003.670.0003.750.0003.760.0003.970.000
We have full confidence in the motives of the subcontractors3.860.0003.790.0004.150.0003.600.0003.780.0003.790.0003.950.000
Subcontractors are open to us3.810.0003.700.0014.080.0003.620.0003.730.0003.780.0003.850.000
The relationship built with subcontractors is based on a fair relationship4.200.0004.170.0004.400.0004.120.0004.070.0004.130.0004.330.000
We stayed with our subcontractor because we feel like we are part of his family3.280.0122.920.7323.500.0023.120.4723.070.6803.060.5953.590.001
We stayed with our subcontractor because we were attracted to the issues they supported as a company3.630.0003.580.0103.950.0003.440.0083.510.0023.500.0003.920.000
We expect that the relationship and cooperation with the subcontractor will last for several projects4.370.0003.960.0004.500.0004.190.0004.240.0004.270.0004.380.000
Subcontractors are committed to our cooperation3.890.0003.670.0014.180.0003.670.0003.730.0003.800.0003.970.000
Subcontractors have sacrificed for us on past projects3.270.0193.130.5243.380.0453.170.3133.220.1523.200.0433.360.099
The various jobs and work activities between our company and subcontractors fit together very well3.940.0003.630.0024.050.0003.830.0003.760.0003.800.0004.050.000
Employees of our company and subcontractors who had to work together did the job properly and efficiently4.310.0003.880.0154.380.0004.120.0004.170.0004.170.0004.340.000
Routines between our company and subcontractors are well-established4.110.0003.420.0004.050.0003.930.0003.850.0003.920.0004.000.000
Activities with subcontractors are well-coordinated4.120.0003.710.0004.100.0004.050.0003.980.0004.010.0004.100.000
Our subcontractors’ enterprises and our enterprise complement each other very well4.150.0003.880.0004.280.0004.070.0004.000.0004.060.0004.230.000
When conflicts arise. our company and subcontractor would jointly find an appropriate solution4.190.0003.790.0004.330.0004.070.0003.950.0004.060.0004.230.000
If the subcontractor’s execution was not in line with our expectations. we would help him or make a proposal4.400.0004.330.0004.620.0004.360.0004.170.0004.330.0004.470.000
When our company encountered construction problems, the subcontractor gave us helpful opinions3.880.0003.700.0004.080.0003.800.0003.630.0003.770.0003.970.000
We openly exchange ideas with a subcontractor in order to solve problems4.220.0004.040.0004.580.0004.050.0003.950.0004.120.0004.340.000
Divergent opinions are resolved to a mutual satisfaction4.150.0003.920.1104.300.0004.000.0004.000.0004.020.0004.260.000
LEVEL OF INFORMATION SHARINGWe inform subcontractors in advance about changes in our needs4.100.0003.920.0324.280.0003.980.0003.900.0004.010.0004.130.000
Our subcontractors share business knowledge with us about core business processes3.860.0003.290.0014.030.0003.640.0003.560.0003.600.0004.050.000
Our subcontractors inform us fully on issues that affect our business3.610.0003.290.0003.790.0003.520.0003.410.0013.490.0003.740.000
We share information with our subcontractors to help establish business planning3.800.0003.670.0004.000.0003.790.0003.610.0003.740.0003.920.000
We inform each other about events and changes that may have an impact on other partners3.840.0004.040.2663.980.0003.880.0003.850.0003.940.0003.820.000
SUBCONTRACTOR NETWORK DESIGNDirect contact with our subcontractors is important for our company4.530.0004.330.0004.650.0004.430.0004.410.0004.460.0004.560.000
We contract the same type of work with any one particular subcontractor3.450.0002.750.0003.850.0003.240.2152.900.6173.120.3523.770.000
We invest a lot of effort in building a good and close relationship with subcontractors4.280.0004.130.0004.380.0004.310.0004.050.0004.260.0004.210.000
We select our subcontractors according to clearly defined criteria4.280.0004.040.0004.300.0004.150.0004.270.0004.230.0004.260.000
Contracts with our subcontractors contain detailed specifications and adaptive clauses3.890.0003.920.0013.920.0003.900.0003.880.0003.890.0003.920.000
Cooperation with our subcontractors is repeated on several projects4.410.0004.290.0014.680.0004.240.0004.270.0004.300.0004.590.000
Cooperation with our subcontractors has a long-term character4.320.0014.330.3964.580.0004.240.0004.200.0004.290.0004.440.000
The intensity of cooperation with subcontractors is high3.900.0003.630.0004.000.0003.740.0003.760.0003.770.0003.950.000
Relationships with our subcontractors are very strong3.880.0003.670.0024.130.0003.710.0003.780.0003.810.0004.000.000
We use informal warranties with our subcontractors3.380.0002.790.0003.700.0003.290.1232.880.4533.110.3593.670.001

Sample structure by the legal entity of the enterprise_

Legal entityF%
LLC9476.4
SC2419.5
Others54.1
Σ123100.0

Sample structure by the size of the enterprise (number of employees)_

Enterprise size (number of employees)F%
0–404032.5
40–1004234.1
100+4133.3
Σ123100.0

Differences in the importance of motives for concluding collaborative relations with subcontractors with regard to the legal form, company size and the contractor status_

Legal formCompany sizeContractor status
LtdRJSCRpMPRSPRVPRpGIRPIRp
Access to new technologies3.9563.9260.8894.0873.9863.7680.2883.9064.0050.599
Achieving lower costs with increased workload4.1524.1740.9234.1524.1924.1040.8664.2024.0340.247
Operational flexibility4.4314.2130.1384.4814.3314.2710.3374.3814.3110.558
Cost-sharing3.8593.7190.5254.0583.8173.6190.1223.7793.9270.428
Risk reduction3.9573.9270.8904.1053.7683.9050.2523.9073.9560.816
Competitive advantage4.0944.0450.8224.1534.1733.8370.1024.0454.0830.797
Complementarity of resources and synergy4.0654.3910.0763.9894.1254.2420.3064.2033.9280.064
Reputation3.9183.8380.6704.1343.6993.8560.0543.8883.9090.911
Lack of own resources4.1234.3320.2234.1064.1744.2030.8524.1844.1020.612

Differences in RG, LIS and SND with regard to legal form, company size and contractor status (scales individually)_

Legal formSize of the companyContractor status
LtdJSCpMPSPVPpGIPIp
RELATIONAL GOVERNANCEWe can count on our subcontractor to keep their promises3.783.580.5043.883.603.760.2733.713.790.600
We can count on the honesty of our subcontractor in doing business with our company3.773.670.3064.033.643.650.0303.733.870.332
Our subcontractor is a company that keeps its word3.893.520.0734.083.673.750.0593.763.970.177
We have full confidence in the motives of the subcontractors3.863.790.5394.153.603.780.0153.793.950.347
Subcontractors are open to us3.813.700.7984.083.623.730.0363.783.850.701
The relationship built with subcontractors is based on a fair relationship4.204.170.9274.404.124.070.1364.134.330.191
We stayed with our subcontractor because we feel like we are part of his family3.282.920.1983.503.123.070.1403.063.590.009
We stayed with our subcontractor because we were attracted to the issues they supported as a company3.633.580.8413.953.443.510.0333.503.920.024
We expect that the relationship and cooperation with the subcontractor will last for several projects4.373.960.0394.504.194.240.1854.274.380.483
Subcontractors are committed to our cooperation3.893.670.2444.183.673.730.0083.803.970.260
Subcontractors have sacrificed for us on past projects3.273.130.8043.383.173.220.6543.203.360.445
The various jobs and work activities between our company and subcontractors fit together very well3.943.630.1704.053.833.760.1733.804.050.073
Employees of our company and subcontractors who had to work together did the job properly and efficiently4.313.880.0274.384.124.170.2494.174.340.215
Routines between our company and subcontractors are well-established4.113.420.0014.053.933.850.5603.924.000.603
Activities with subcontractors are well-coordinated4.123.710.0604.104.053.980.7884.014.100.566
Our subcontractors’ enterprises and our enterprise complement each other very well4.153.880.0784.284.074.000.2614.064.230.259
When conflicts arise, our company and the concerned subcontractor would jointly find an appropriate solution4.193.790.0244.334.073.950.0424.064.230.199
If the subcontractor’s execution was not in line with our expectations, we would help him or make a proposal4.404.330.8974.624.364.170.0134.334.470.296
When our company encountered construction problems, the subcontractor gave us helpful opinions3.883.700.5914.083.803.630.0903.773.970.253
LEVEL OF INFORMATION SHARINGWe openly exchange ideas with a subcontractor in order to solve problems4.224.040.2684.584.053.950.0014.124.340.179
Divergent opinions are resolved to a mutual satisfaction4.153.920.3404.304.004.000.1534.024.260.136
We inform subcontractors in advance about changes in our needs4.103.920.4714.283.983.900.1024.014.130.464
Our subcontractors share business knowledge with us about core business processes3.863.290.0134.033.643.560.0363.604.050.006
Our subcontractors inform us fully on issues that affect our business3.613.290.0783.793.523.410.1283.493.740.136
We share information with our subcontractors to help establish business planning3.803.670.4674.003.793.610.1753.743.920.312
We inform each other about events and changes that may have an impact on other partners3.844.040.5643.983.883.850.7933.943.820.460
Direct contact with our subcontractors is important for our company4.534.330.4254.654.434.410.1974.464.560.436
SUBCONTRACTOR NETWORK DESIGNWe contract the same type of work with any one particular subcontractor3.452.750.0053.853.242.900.0013.123.770.005
We invest a lot of effort in building a good and close relationship with subcontractors4.284.130.6344.384.314.050.1374.264.210.710
We select our subcontractors according to clearly defined criteria4.284.040.4064.304.154.270.6644.234.260.861
Contracts with our subcontractors contain detailed specifications and adaptive clauses3.893.920.6723.923.903.880.9783.893.920.865
Cooperation with our subcontractors is repeated on several projects4.414.290.3944.684.244.270.0154.304.590.048
Cooperation with our subcontractors has a longterm character4.324.330.8314.584.244.200.0444.294.440.313
The intensity of cooperation with subcontractors is high3.903.630.2914.003.743.760.3023.773.950.282
Relationships with our subcontractors are very strong3.883.670.0494.133.713.780.0343.814.000.199
We use informal warranties with our subcontractors3.382.790.0443.703.292.880.0033.113.670.009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/otmcj-2022-0003 | Journal eISSN: 1847-6228 | Journal ISSN: 1847-5450
Language: English
Page range: 107 - 121
Submitted on: Jun 3, 2022
Accepted on: Nov 25, 2022
Published on: Sep 14, 2023
Published by: University of Zagreb
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2023 Dinko Stanković Moćan, published by University of Zagreb
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.