Figure 1.
Distribution of communes in Poland, depending on their APAV index values
Source: Own study, based on data from the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation–National Research Institute
Figure 2.
Distribution of communes with farms covered by the analysis based on Polish FADN data for 2019–2021
Table 1.
Farms surveyed by FADN from 2019–2021, organised by natural farming conditions and agricultural production system
| Farms | Natural conditions | |
|---|---|---|
| difficult | favourable | |
| Fully ecological | 225 | 47 |
| Ecological with conventional production | 100 | 31 |
| With only conventional production | 977 | 261 |
[i] Source: Own study, based on Polish FADN data for 2019–2021
Figure 3.
Share of supported organic farmland within the total UAA in 2022, by commune
Source: Own study, based on data from the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (2023)
Figure 4.
Proportion of organic farmland supported under the CAP from 2014–2022
Source: Own study, based on data from the Agricultural and Food Quality Inspection and the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (2023)
Figure 5.
Share of land area of supported organic UAA in communes with difficult farming conditions, as compared to communes with more favourable conditions, from 2014–2022
Source: Agricultural and Food Quality Inspection; Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (2023)
Figure 6.
UAA share of supported fully organic farms out of the total number of supported farms, and those with co-existing conventional production by communes, in 2022
Source: Own study, based on data from Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (2023)
Figure 7.
Share of supported organic farms out of the total number of farms in 2022, by commune
Source: Own study, based on data from Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (2023)
Table 2.
Selected features of organic farming and organic farming with co-existing conventional production in communes with diversified natural management conditions in 2022
| Description | Natural conditions | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difficult | Favourable | |||
| Types of farms | ||||
| Ecological | Ecological with co-existing conventional production | Ecological | Ecological with co-existing conventional production | |
| Number of farms (thousands) | 9768 | 4690 | 3526 | 1225 |
| Total UAA on organic farms (thousand ha) | 243.2 | 181.4 | 81.2 | 71.9 |
| Area of organic UAA on organic farms (thousand ha) | 243.2 | 103.7 | 81.2 | 29.1 |
[i] Source: Own study based on data from the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (2023)
Table 3.
Production potential and organization of fully organic farms, compared to organic farms with co-existing conventional and conventional production in 2019–2021
| Description | Communes with natural conditions | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difficult | Favourable | |||||
| Farms | ||||||
| ecological | ecological with co-existing conventional production | conventional | ecological | ecological with co-existing conventional production | conventional | |
| Total labour input (AWU/100 ha of UAA) | 9.36 | 8.61 | 8.71 | 12.78 | 9.57 | 7.34 |
| Share of own work (%) | 94 | 93 | 96 | 88 | 92 | 95 |
| Share of rented land (%) | 17 | 30 | 24 | 20 | 32 | 28 |
| Value of assets (PLN thousand/ha) | 38.34 | 39.66 | 43.28 | 47.45 | 38.41 | 41.65 |
| Asset value (PLN thousand/AWU) | 671.03 | 706.62 | 739.42 | 610.54 | 901.74 | 1003.26 |
| Animal density (SD/100 UAA) | 46.84 | 51.84 | 86.71 | 61.65 | 22.31 | 49.83 |
[i] Source: Own study, based on Polish FADN data for 2019–2021
Table 4.
Costs, production and economic outputs of fully organic farms, compared to farms with co-existing conventional production and fully conventional farms
| Description | Communes with natural conditions | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difficult | Favourable | |||||
| Farms | ||||||
| fully ecological | ecological with co-existing conventional production | conventional | fully ecological | ecological with co-existing conventional production | conventional | |
| Total costs (PLN thousand/ha), including: | 4.5 | 3.6 | 5.8 | 4.1 | 5.0 | 5.3 |
| - Direct costs (PLN thousand/ha) | 1.6 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 2.5 |
| - Costs of external factors (PLN thousand/ha) | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.33 | 0.48 | 0.82 | 0.30 |
| Wheat yield (dt/ha) | 41.8 | 33.2 | 46.8 | 49.1 | 42.3 | 56.6 |
| Land productivity (PLN thousand/ha) | 5.09 | 3.93 | 7.22 | 5.56 | 7.06 | 7.11 |
| Income from a family farm (PLN thousand/farm) | 77.62 | 65.16 | 92.10 | 100.23 | 95.25 | 134.52 |
| Share of subsidies in farm income (%) | 89.8 | 96.1 | 53.5 | 67.1 | 57.5 | 44.0 |
[i] Source: Own study based on Polish FADN data for 2019–2021
Table 5.
The value of farms’ S-W index and the share of structure-forming plants in their crop mix, by agricultural production system
| Farms | Communes with natural conditions | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difficult | Favourable | |||
| S-W index (points) | Share of structure-forming plants in arable land (%) | S-W index (points) | Share of structure-forming plants in arable land (%) | |
| Fully ecological | 1.30 | 13.6 | 1.30 | 12.3 |
| Ecological with co-existing conventional production | 1.50 | 10.5 | 1.70 | 10.4 |
| With only conventional production | 1.51 | 5.4 | 1.59 | 4.2 |
[i] Source: Own study based on Polish FADN data for 2019–2021