References
- ADACH S., WOJTKOWSKA M., RELIGA P. 2023. Consequences of the accessibility of the mountain national parks in Poland. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 30: 27483–27500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24197-w
- ANGELIER F., WINGFIELD J.C. 2013. Importance of the glucocorticoid stress response in a changing world: Theory, hypotheses and perspectives. General and Comparative Endocrinology 190: 118–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.05.022
- BALLANTYNE R., PACKER J., HUGHES K. 2009. Tourists’ support for conservation messages and sustainable management practices in wildlife tourism experiences. Tourism Management 30(5): 658–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.11.003
- BALMFORD A., BERESFORD J., GREEN J., NAIDOO R., WALPOLE M., MANICA A. 2009. A Global Perspective on Trends in Nature-Based Tourism. PLoS Biology 7(6): e1000144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000144
- BALMFORD A., GREEN J.M.H., ANDERSON M., BERESFORD J., HUANG C., NAIDOO R., WALPOLE M, MANICA A. 2015. Walk on the wild side: Estimating the global magnitude of visits to protected areas. PLoS Biology 13(2): e1002074. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002074
- BATEMAN P.W., FLEMING P.A. 2017. Are negative effects of tourist activities on wildlife over-reported? A review of assessment methods and empirical results, Biological Conservation 211(A): 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.05.003
- BEJDER L., DAWSON S.M., HARRAWAY J.A. 1999. Responses by Hector’s dolphins to boats and swimmers in Porpoise Bay, New Zealand. Marine Mammal Science 15(3): 738–750. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00840.x
- BLOM A. 2000. The Monetary Impact of Tourism on Protected Area Management and the Local Economy in Dzanga-Sangha (Central African Republic). Journal of Sustainable Tourism 8: 175. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580008667357
- BLOOMBERG 2021. National Parks Are So Crowded That Congress Is Getting Involved. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-29/national-parks-are-so-crowded-that-congress-is-getting-involved (accessed 25 May 2023)
- BOOKBINDER M.P., DINERSTEIN E., RIJAL A., CAULEY H., RAJOURIA A. 1998. Ecotourism’s support of biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biodiversity 12(6): 1399–1404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.97229.x
- BROADBENT E.N., ZAMBRANO A.M.A., DIRZO R., DURHAM W.H., DRISCOLL L., GALLAGHER P., SALTERS R., SCHULTZ J., COLMENARES A., RANDOLPH, S.G. 2012. The effect of land use change and ecotourism on biodiversity: a case study of Manuel Antonio, Costa Rica, from 1985 to 2008. Landscape Ecology 27: 731–744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-012-9722-7
- BUCKLEY R.C. (Ed.) 2004. Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publ., 389 pp.
- BUCKLEY R.C. (Ed.) 2009. Ecotourism: Principles and Practices. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publ., 368 pp.
- BUCKLEY R. 2011. Tourism and environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 36(1): 397–416. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-041210-132637
- BUCKLEY R. 2021. Pandemic Travel Restrictions Provide a Test of Net Ecological Effects of Ecotourism and New Research Opportunities. Journal of Travel Research 60(7): 1612–1614. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520947812
- BURNS G.L., HOWARD P. 2003. When wildlife tourism goes wrong: a case study of stakeholder and management issues regarding Dingoes on Fraser Island, Australia. Tourism Management 24(6): 699–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00146-8
- BUULTJENS J., RATNAYAKE I., GNANAPALA A., ASLAM M. 2005. Tourism and its implications for management in Ruhuna National Park (Yala), Sri Lanka. Tourism Management 26(5): 733–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.03.014
- CALDERÓN M.M., ESQUIVEL K.C., GARCÍA M.M.A., LOZANO C.B. 2022. Tourist behaviour and dynamics of domestic tourism in times of COVID-19. Current Issues in Tourism 25(14): 2207–2211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1947993
- CASSIRER E.F., FREDDY D.J., ABLES E.D. 1992. Elk responses to disturbance by cross-country skiers in Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin 20: 375–381. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3783054
- CENTER FOR RESPONSIBLE TRAVEL (CREST). 2022. The Case for Responsible Travel: Trends & Statistics. Available from https://www.responsibletravel.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/213/2023/02/case-for-responsible-travel-trends-and-stats-2021.pdf [ accessed 21.11.2023]
- CNBC. 2021. National parks are booming. That may ruin your next trip. CNBC. Available from https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/22/national-parks-are-booming-that-may-ruin-your-next-trip.html [ accessed 25.05.2023]
- CONSTANTINE R. 2001. Increased avoidance of swimmers by wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) due to long-term exposure to swim-with-dolphin tourism. Marine Mammal Science 17(4): 689–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01293.x
- CONSTANTINE R., BEJDER L. 2008. Managing the Whale- and Dolphin-watching Industry: Time for a Paradigm Shift. In: J. Higham, M. Lück, eds. Marine wildlife and tourism management: Insights from the natural and social sciences. Wallingford, UK, CABI, pp. 321–333.
- CUPUL-MAGAÑA A.L., RODRÍGUEZ-TRONCOSO A.P. 2017. Tourist carrying capacity at Islas Marietas National Park: An essential tool to protect the coral community. Applied Geography 88: 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.08.021
- DE ZOYSA M. 2022. Ecotourism Development and Biodiversity Conservation in Sri Lanka: Objectives, Conflicts and Resolutions. Open Journal of Ecology 12(10): October 2022. https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2022.1210037
- DERKS J., GIESSEN L., WINKEL G. 2020. COVID-19-induced visitor boom reveals the importance of forests as critical infrastructure. Forest Policy and Economics 118: 102253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102253
- DORAN R., LARSEN S. 2016. The relative importance of social and personal norms in explaining intentions to choose eco-friendly travel options. International Journal of Tourism Research 18(2): 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2042
- DOS ANJOS F.A., DA ROSA S. 2021. Measurement of Competitiveness of Nature-Based Tourist Destinations: application to National Parks in Brazil. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 12(5): 1204–1219. https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.5(53).05
- DUPKE C., DORMANN C.F., HEURICH M. 2019. Does Public Participation Shift German National Park Priorities Away from Nature Conservation? Environmental Conservation 46: 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892918000310
- EAGLES P.F.J., MCCOOL S.F., HAYNES C.D. 2002. Sustainable tourism in protected areas: Guidelines for planning and management. IUCN, Gland, Cambridge.
- ENVIRONMENT SA NEWS (ESAN). 2021. South Australian park visitor numbers boom. Environment SA News. Available from https://www.environment.sa.gov.au/news-hub/news/articles/2021/02/parks-visitors [ accessed 25.05.2023]
- FERGUSON M.D, LYNCH M.L., EVENSEN D., FERGUSON L.A., BARCELONA R., GILES G., LEBERMAN M. 2023. The nature of the pandemic: Exploring the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic upon recreation visitor behaviors and experiences in parks and protected areas. Journal of Outdoor Recration and Tourism 41: 100498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2022.100498
- FERNANDEZ E.J., TAMBORSKI M.A., PICKENS S.R., TIMBERLAKE W. 2009. Animal–visitor interactions in the modern zoo: Conflicts and interventions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 120(1–2): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2009.06.002
- FERREIRA S., HARMSE A. 2014. Kruger National Park: tourism development and issues around the management of large numbers of tourists. Journal of Ecotourism 13(1): 16–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2014.925907
- FERRETTI-GALLON K., GRIGGS E., SHRESTHA A., WANG G. 2021. National parks best practices: Lessons from a century’s worth of national parks management. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks 9(3): 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.05.004
- FREDMAN P., HÖRNSTEN FRIBERG L., EMMELIN L. 2007. Increased Visitation from National Park Designation. Current Issues in Tourism 10(1): 87–95. https://doi.org/10.2167/cit293.0
- FREDMAN P., MARGARYAN L. 2021. 20 years of Nordic nature-based tourism research: a review and future research agenda. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 21(1): 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2020.1823247
- GŁÓWNY URZĄD STATYSTYCZNY (GUS). 2013. Ochrona Środowiska 2013, Warsaw.
- GŁÓWNY URZĄD STATYSTYCZNY (GUS). 2016. Ochrona Środowiska 2016, Warsaw.
- GŁÓWNY URZĄD STATYSTYCZNY (GUS). 2019. Ochrona Środowiska 2019, Warsaw.
- GŁÓWNY URZĄD STATYSTYCZNY (GUS). 2022. Ochrona Środowiska 2022, Warsaw.
- GOODWIN H. 1996. In pursuit of ecotourism. Biodiversity and Conservation 5: 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00051774
- GÖSSLING S., SCOTT D., HALL C.M. 2021. Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 29: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
- GREEN R., HIGGINBOTTOM K. 2001. Negative effects of wildlife tourism on wildlife: CRC for Sustainable Tourism Gold Coast, Wildlife Tourism Research Report Series: No. 5.
- GRIFFITHS M., VAN SCHAIK C.P. 1993. The impact of human traffic on the abundance and activity periods of Sumatran rain forest wildlife. Conservation Biology 7(3): 623–626. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07030623.x
- HING S., NARAYAN E.J., THOMPSON R.C.A., GODFREY S.S. 2016. The relationship between physiological stress and wildlife disease: Consequences for health and conservation. Wildlife Research 43(1): 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR15183
- HIGGINBOTTOM K. 2004. Wildlife tourism: an introduction. In: K. Higginbottom, ed., Wildlife tourism: impacts, management and planning. Altona Vic, Australia: Common Ground Publishing Pty Ltd., pp. 1–11.
- HVENEGAARD G.T. 1994. Ecotourism: A Status Report and Conceptual Framework. Journal of Tourism Studies 5(2): 24–34. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/ielapa.950706232
- IGLESIAS MERCHAN C., DIAZ-BALTEIRO L., SOLIÑO M. 2014. Noise pollution in national parks: Soundscape and economic valuation. Landscape and Urban Planning 123: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.11.006
- INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (ICEM). 2003. Vietnam national report on protected areas and development. Review of protected areas and development in the Lower Mekong River Region. International Centre for Environmental Management (Indooroopilly, Queensland), pp. 1–60.
- INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE (IUCN). 2005. Benefits beyond boundaries. Proceedings of the Vth World Park Congress. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
- JONES N., MCGINLAY J., HOLTVOETH J., GKOUMAS V., MALESIOS C., KONTOLEON A. 2020. Snowdonia National Park: Exploring Views of Local Communities Regarding the Social Impacts of the National Park, Changes Due to COVID-19 on Everyday Life and Potential Management Options during the Pandemic, University of Cambridge/Project FIDELIO: Cambridge, UK, p. 13.
- JONES N., MCGINLAY J. 2020. The Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions on Local Communities of Peak District National Park and Management Options during the Pandemic. University of Cambridge/Project FIDELIO: Cambridge, UK, p. 20.
- KARP, D.S., ROOT, T.L. 2009. Sound the stressor: how Hoatzins (Opisthocomus hoazin) react to ecotourist conversation. Biodiversity and Conservation 18(14): 3733–3742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-009-9675-6
- KNIGHT R.L., COLE D.N. 1995. Wildlife responses to recreationists. In: R.L. Knight, K. Gutzwiller, eds. Wildlife and recreationists: coexistence through management and research. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp. 51–69.
- KOŁODZIEJCZYK K. 2021. Tourism management in national parks: Šumava and Bayerischer Wald (Bavarian Forest) in the Czech-German borderland. Journal of Mountain Science, 18(9): 2213–2239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-021-6853-9
- KRÜGER O. 2005. The role of ecotourism in conservation: panacea or Pandora’s box? Biodiversity and Conservation 14(3): 579–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-3917-4
- LARSON C.L., REED S.E., MERENLENDER A.M., CROOKS K.R. 2016. Effects of recreation on animals revealed as widespread through a global systematic review. PLoS One, 11: e0167259 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167259
- LE MONDE. 2021. Tourisme : des forêts aux sommets, les parcs naturels découvrent la surfréquentation. Le Monde. Available from https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2021/07/25/tourisme-des-forets-aux-sommets-les-parcs-naturels-decouvrent-la-surfrequentation_6089482_3234.html [ accessed 25.05.2023]
- LUCAS R. 1984. The role of regulations in recreation management. Western Wildlands 9(2): 6–10.
- LUNDQUIST D., GEMMELL N., WÜRSIG B., MARKOWITZ T. 2013. Dusky dolphin movement patterns: short-term effects of tourism. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 47(4): 430–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2013.778301
- LUZAR E.J., DIAGNE A., GAN C., HENNING B.R. 1995. Evaluating Nature-based Tourism Using the New Environmental Paradigm. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 27(2): 544–555. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1074070800028571
- MACARTHUR R.A., GEIST V., JOHNSTON R.H. 1982. Cardiac and behavioral responses of mountain sheep to human disturbance. Journal of Wildlife Management 46: 351–358. https://doi.org/10.2307/3808646
- MARION J.L., LEUNG Y.F., EAGLESTON H., BURROUGHS K. 2016. A review and synthesis of recreation ecology research findings on visitor impacts to wilderness and protected natural areas. Journal of Forestry 114: 352–362. https://doi.org/10.5849/jof.15-498
- MCCOOL S.F., LIME D.W. 2001. Tourism carrying capacity: tempting fantasy or useful reality? Journal of Sustainable Tourism 9: 372–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580108667409
- MCCORMICK S.D., ROMERO L.M. 2017. Conservation endocrinology. Bioscience 67(5): 429–442. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix026
- MCNEELY J.A., THORSELL J.W. 1989. Jungles, Mountains, and Islands: How Tourism Can Help Conserve the Natural Heritage. World Leisure and Recreation 31(4): 29–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/10261133.1989.10559089
- MICHALIČ T. 2006. Nature-based products, ecotourism and adventure tourism. In: D. Buhalis, C. Costa, eds., Tourism Business Frontiers, Routledge, London, New York 2006: 111–117.
- MILANO C., CHEER J.M., NOVELLI M. 2019. Overtourism: Excesses, Discontents and Measures in Travel and Tourism, CABI, Cambridge, UK.
- MOORHOUSE T.P., DAHLSJÖ C.A.L., BAKER S.E., D’CRUZE N.C., MACDONALD D.W. 2015. The Customer Isn’t Always Right—Conservation and Animal Welfare Implications of the Increasing Demand for Wildlife Tourism. PLoS One 10(10): e0138939. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138939
- MÜLLNER A., LINSENMAIR K.E., WIKELSKI M. 2004. Exposure to ecotourism reduces survival and affects stress response in hoatzin chicks (Opisthocomus hoazin). Biological Conservation 118(4): 549–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10.003
- NASH S. 2009. Ecotourism and Other Invasions, BioScience 59(2): 106–110. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2009.59.2.3
- NATIONAL PARK SERVICE (NPS). 2021. Visitation numbers. National Park Service. Available from https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/visitation-numbers.htm [ accessed 25.05.2023]
- NEWSOME D., MOORE S.A., DOWLING R.K. 2012. Natural Area Tourism: Ecology, Impacts and Management. Bristol, UK: Channel View Publications.
- NSW. 2019. Domestic visitation. NSW. Available from https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/research-and-publications/our-science-and-research/our-research/social-and-economic/social/domestic-visitation [ accessed 25.05.2023]
- NY TIMES. 2020. The Newest Challenge for Europe’s Parks: A Surge of New Nature Lovers. NY Times. Available from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/10/travel/european-parks-pandemic.html [ accessed 25.05.2023]
- OLEŚNIEWICZ P., PYTEL S., MARKIEWICZ-PATKOWSKA J., SZROMEK A.R., JANDOVÁ S. 2020. A Model of the Sustainable Management of the Natural Environment in National Parks — A Case Study of National Parks in Poland. Sustainability 12(7): 2704. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072704
- PARKS VICTORIA. 2020. Parks visits and visitor services. Parks Victoria. Available from https://www.parks.vic.gov.au/get-into-nature/conservation-and-science/science-and-research/state-of-the-parks/management-for-visitors-and-community/park-visits-and-visitor-services [ accessed 25.05.2023]
- PETERS K.J., PARRA G.J., SKUZA P.P., MÖLLER L.M. 2013. First insights into the effects of swim-with-dolphin tourism on the behavior, response, and group structure of southern Australian bottlenose dolphins. Marine Mammal Science 29(4): E484–E497. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12003
- PĘKSA Ł., CIACH M. 2015. Negative effects of mass tourism on high mountain fauna: the case of the Tatra chamois Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica. Oryx 49(3): 500–505. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313001269
- PRĘDKI R., DEMKO T. 2018. Ruch turystyczny w Bieszczadzkim Parku Narodowym w latach 2015–2017. Roczniki Bieszczadzkie 26: 249–266.
- RADIO PRAGUE INTERNATIONAL (RPI). 2020. Overtourism a growing problem in Krkonoše mountains. Radio Prague International. Available from https://english.radio.cz/overtourism-a-growing-problem-krkonose-mountains-8685136 [ accessed 25.05.2023]
- REED S.E., MERENLENDER A.M. 2008. Quiet, Nonconsumptive Recreation Reduces Protected Area Effectiveness. Conservation Letters 1(3): 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1755-263X.2008.00019.X
- RICHTER F. 2023. International Travel Bounced Back Strongly in 2022. Tourism Recovery after COVID-19. Statista March 9, [ online]. Available from https://www.statista.com/chart/21793/international-tourist-arrivals-worldwide/ [ accessed 25.05.2023]
- SALERNO F., VIVIANO G., MANFREDI E.C., CAROLI P., THAKURI S., TARTARI G. 2013. Multiple Carrying Capacities from a management-oriented perspective to operationalize sustainable tourism in protected areas. Journal of Environmental Management 128: 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.043
- SCHÄGNER J.P., BRANDER L., MAES J., PARACCHINI M.L., HARTJE V. 2016. Mapping recreational visits and values of European national parks by combining statistical modelling and unit value transfer. Journal for Nature Conservation 31: 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2016.03.001
- SHANNON G., LARSON C., REED S.E., CROOKS K.R., ANGELONI L.M. 2017. Ecological Consequences of Ecotourism for Wildlife Populations and Communities. In: D.T. Blumstein, B. Geffroy, D.M.S. Samia, E. Bessa, eds., Ecotourism’s Promise and Peril, Springer International Publishing, pp. 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58331-0_3
- SHULTZ R.D., BAILEY J.A. 1978. Response of National Park elk to human activity. Journal of Wildlife Management, 42: 91–100. https://doi.org/10.2307/3800694
- SPALDING M., BURKE L., FYALL A. 2021. Covid-19: implications for nature and tourism. Anatolia 32(1): 126–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2020.1791524
- STANCHEVA M., STANCHEV H., PEEV P., ANFUSO G., WILLIAMS A.T. 2016. Coastal protected areas and historical sites in North Bulgaria - Challenges, mismanagement and future perspectives. Ocean & Coastal Management 130(3): 340–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.07.006
- STATISTIQUES DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE (SDD). 2021. Fréquentation des parcs nationaux. Juin 2021. Statistiques Developpement Durable. Available from https://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/edition-numerique/parcs-nationaux-2021/39-frequentation-des-parcs-nationaux [ accessed 25.05.2023]
- STEM C.J., LASSOIE J.P., LEE D.R., DESHLER D.J. 2003. How ‘Eco’ is Ecotourism? A Comparative Case Study of Ecotourism in Costa Rica. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 11(4): 322–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580308667210
- STEMBERK J., DOLEJS J., MARESOVA P., KUCA K. 2018. Factors Affecting the Number of Visitors in National Parks in the Czech Republic, Germany and Austria. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7(3): 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7030124
- STRONZA A.L., HUNT C.A., FITZGERALD L.A. 2019. Ecotourism for Conservation? Annual Review of Environment and Resources 44: 229–253. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033046
- STEPHENSON P.J. 1993. The impacts of tourism on nature reserves in Madagascar: Perinét, a case study. Environmental Conservation 20(3): 262–265. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900023067
- STEVEN R., PICKERING C., CASTLEY J.G. 2011. A review of the impacts of nature based recreation on birds. Journal of Environmental Management 92(10): 2287–2294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.05.005
- STURSA J. 2002. Impacts of Tourism Load on the Mountain Environment (A Case Study of the Krkonoše Mountains National Park - the Czech Republic). A. Arnberger, C. Brandenburg, A. Muhar, eds., Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, Conference Proceedings, 364–370.
- SPENCELEY A., KOHL J., MCARTHUR S., MYLES P., NOTARIANNI M., PALECZNY D., PICKERING C., WORBOYS G.L. 2015. Visitor management. In: G.L. Worboys, M. Lockwood, A. Kothari, S. Feary, I. Pulsford, eds., Protected area governance and management, ANU Press, Canberra, pp. 715–750.
- THECONVERSATION. 2021. Overcrowded US national parks need a reservation system. TheConversation. Available from https://theconversation.com/overcrowded-us-national-parks-need-a-reservation-system-158864 [ accessed 25.05.2023]
- VENTER Z.S., BARTON D.N., GUNDERSEN V., FIGARI H., NOWELL M. 2020. Urban nature in a time of crisis: recreational use of green space increases during the COVID-19 outbreak in Oslo, Norway. Environmental Research Letters 15: 104075. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abb396
- VIMAL R., NAVARRO L.M., JONES J., WOLF F., LE MOGUÉDEC G., RÉJOU-MÉCHAIN M. 2021. The global distribution of protected areas management strategies and their complementarity for biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation 256: 109014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109014
- WACHYUNI S.S., KUSUMANINGRUM D.A. 2020. The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic: How are the Future Tourist Behavior? Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 33(4): 67–76. https://doi.org/10.9734/JESBS/2020/v33i430219
- WANG B., HE S., SUN Y., MIN Q. 2022. Giving Voice to Tourists: Improving the Governance of Protected Areas through Tourists’ Perceptions and Expectations. Forests 13: 1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091523
- WENDT M., SÆÞÓRSDÓTTIR A.D., WAAGE E.R.H. 2022. A Break from Overtourism: Domestic Tourists Reclaiming Nature during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Tourism and Hospitality 3(3): 788–802. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp3030048
- WEARING S., NEIL, J. 1999. Ecotourism: Impacts, Potentials and Possibilities. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
- WEAVER D.B. 2002. The evolving concept of ecotourism and its potential impacts. International Journal of Sustainable Development 5(3): 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSD.2002.003753
- WHITE R.G. 1983. Foraging patterns and their multiplier effects on productivity of northern ungulates. Oikos 40: 377–384. https://doi.org/10.2307/3544310
- WIGHT P. 1993. Ecotourism: Ethics or Eco-Sell? Journal of Travel Research 31(3): 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759303100301
- WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (UNWTO). 2011. Tourism Towards 2030/Global Overview, Madrid.
- WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (UNWTO). 2016. UNWTO Tourism Highlights, Madrid.
- WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (UNWTO). 2023. International Tourism – 2023 starts on a strong note with the Middle East recovering 2019 levels in the first quarter. World Tourism Barometer 21(2): 1–8.
- ZAVALETA E.S., CHAPIN F.S. 2010. III. Resilience frameworks: Enhancing the capacity to adapt to change. In: Beyond Naturalness: Rethinking Park and Wilderness Stewardship in an Era of Rapid Change. Cole D.N., Yung L., (Eds.), Island Press, London, UK: pp. 142–158.
- ZEMANOVA M.A. 2020. Towards more compassionate wildlife research through the 3Rs principles: moving from invasive to non-invasive methods. Wildlife Biology 2020: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.00607
- ZHOU Y., BUESCHING C.D., NEWMAN C., KANEKO Y., XIE Z., MACDONALD D.W. 2013. Balancing the benefits of ecotourism and development: The effects of visitor trail-use on mammals in a Protected Area in rapidly developing China. Biological Conservation 165: 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.05.007