Hidden in snow: Selected aspects of chemical composition of an urban snow cover (Kielce, SE Poland)

Ion	KEJIM-15		DIONEX ICS 3000		Dev.**
	Concentration	±Uncertainty	Average	±SD*	Dev.**
	[mg/l]				[%]
Ca	0,488	0,046	0,47	0,02	−4,30
Mg	0,294	0,024	0,31	0,01	4,20
K	0,252	0,026	0,25	0,02	−2,78
Na	2,66	0,23	2,63	0,10	−1,13
Cl	3,79	0,18	3,64	0,10	−3,96
SO₄	1,13	0,08	1,11	0,09	−1,77

* - standard deviation,

** - relative difference between the measured and certified concentration 100%·(c_m–c_c)/c_c

Meteorological conditions in Kielce in February 2023 (based on data from IMGW, station Kielce-Suków)

Direction of air mass flows on 8–10 February 2023 (NOAA Hysplit)

Number of days with snowfall and maximum snow cover thickness in 1996–2022 (data from IMGW, station Kielce-Suków)

Physico-chemical properties of snow samples in Kielce in 2023

Chemical composition of snow cover (selected ions)

Spatial distribution of physico-chemical properties of snow from Kielce

Spatial distribution of Cl and Ca concentrations in snow from Kielce

Graphic image of relationships among PC1 and PC2 with a scree plot

Table 2.

Physico-chemical properties of water from melted snow

No.	Cl	SO₄	NO₃	Na	NH₄	Mg	K	Ca	pH	EC	Snow cover
No.	mg·dm⁻³								-	μS·cm⁻¹	cm
1	1.37	0.63	0.95	0.86	0.37	0.05	0.12	0.39	6.85	12.35	5
2	11.22	1.69	0.08	6.70	0.57	0.06	0.05	2.22	6.15	56.6	6
3	0.92	0.67	1.12	0.55	0.47	0.05	0.09	1.57	5.98	19.47	7
4	0.81	0.78	1.30	0.17	0.16	0.03	0.02	0.12	5.81	8.97	8
5	1.93	0.67	0.86	1.13	0.29	0.08	0.00	1.29	4.91	16.46	5
6	1.30	0.56	0.95	0.80	0.41	0.05	0.06	0.61	4.84	10.2	4
7	1.84	0.77	0.74	1.16	0.40	0.08	0.10	0.64	4.67	13.28	7
8	1.16	0.85	0.86	0.68	0.32	0.06	0.12	4.58	4.39	31.2	3
9	0.65	0.59	0.64	0.48	0.27	0.04	0.05	1.10	4.34	11	5
10	1.69	0.90	0.74	0.98	0.28	0.04	0.09	4.54	4.81	32.7	5
11	1.50	1.26	0.67	0.70	0.21	0.02	0.18	2.52	4.81	21.54	4
12	11.38	1.20	1.05	6.70	0.44	0.05	0.03	4.56	5.27	63.6	4
13	8.40	1.10	0.81	4.97	0.44	0.07	0.09	2.49	5.18	44.2	4
14	2.16	1.03	0.70	1.17	0.38	0.10	0.04	0.75	4.97	15.35	5
15	1.18	0.77	0.73	0.74	0.33	0.03	0.09	0.76	5.02	11.57	5
16	3.83	1.05	1.03	1.73	0.48	0.05	0.08	0.90	5.02	19.92	5
17	1.37	0.97	0.90	0.73	0.00	0.08	0.00	0.84	4.89	17.78	4
18	4.69	2.21	1.71	2.74	0.90	0.09	0.23	2.60	4.99	34.9	4
19	3.64	1.23	1.57	2.26	0.48	0.09	0.41	1.47	5.03	22.5	7
20	11.42	2.89	1.77	6.99	0.71	0.11	0.28	3.08	5.14	60.4	6
21	2.19	1.00	1.50	1.36	0.63	0.08	0.01	0.70	5.19	15.24	7
22	12.49	1.85	1.29	7.66	0.59	0.11	0.01	1.41	5.17	53.2	7
23	4.74	2.18	1.66	2.61	1.13	0.13	0.15	1.77	5.05	33.2	3
24	5.55	1.55	1.66	3.16	0.68	0.06	0.06	1.38	5.12	31.1	5
MIN	0.65	0.56	0.08	0.17	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.12	4.34	8.97	3
MAX	12.49	2.89	1.77	7.66	1.13	0.13	0.41	4.58	6.85	63.60	8
MEAN	4.06	1.18	1.05	2.38	0.46	0.07	0.10	1.76	5.15	27.36	5,2
STD	3.91	0.60	0.42	2.37	0.24	0.03	0.10	1.32	0.55	16.95	1,38
Reference sample	1.32	1.04	1.63	0.82	0.54	0.07	5.63	1.07	5.07	14.62	7

Table 3.

Principal component analysis (PCA) analysis of studied physico-chemical parameters

Variable	PC 1	PC 2	PC 3
Cl	−0.9*	0.4	−0.2
SO₄	−0.9*	−0.2	0.0
NO₃	−0.5	−0.7*	0.0
Na	−0.9*	0.4	−0.2
NH₄	−0.7	−0.4	−0.1
Mg	−0.6	−0.5	−0.1
K	−0.4	−0.5	0.4
Ca	−0.5	0.5	0.7
pH	−0.1	0.1	−0.8*
EC	−0.9*	0.5	0.1
% of variance	46.7%	18.8%	13.0%
% in total	46.7%	65.5%	78.5%

* PC1 ≤ −0.9; PC2 ≤ −0.7; PC3 ≤ −0.8

Table 4.

Selected physico-chemical properties of snow in different regions

Parameter	Unit	Cement and lime industry			Metallurgical industry	Remote pollution	Urban area
Parameter	Unit	White Basin, Poland (Kozłowski et al. 2012, Kozłowski, Szwed 2016)	Kunda, Estonia (Kaasik et al. 2000)	Łagów, Poland (Szwed, Kozłowski 2021)	Ostrowiec Św., Poland (Jarzyna et al. 2017)	Świętokrzyski National Park, Poland (Kozłowski, Szwed 2016)	Kielce. Poland 2016/2023 (Kozłowski et al. 2017)	Poznań, Poland (Siudek et al. 2015)	Primorsky Krai, Russia (Kondrat’ev et al. 2015)	Svirsk, Russia (Grebenshchikova et al. 2017)
pH	(−)	6.39		8.05	7.38	5.23	5.59/5.15	4.8	5.05	6.63
EC	(mS m⁻¹)	3.28		5.91	4.15	2.61	2.78/2.74	2.07	4.2
Ca²⁺	(mg L⁻¹)	4.4	18.8	10	4		2.5/1.8		2.5	8.7
Mg²⁺	(mg L⁻¹)	0.2			0.4		0.2/0.1		0.4	1.4
SO₄²⁻	(mg L⁻¹)	3.2	18.8	1.7	3.6		1.8/1.2		4.9	14.9
NO₃⁻	(mg L⁻¹)		2.3	2	2.6		3.1/1.1		3.4	1.2

Pollution with PM10 and PM2.5 in Kielce – mean daily concentration (a) and hourly data (b). (Based on data from GIOŚ)

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2023-0004 | Journal eISSN: 2353-8589 | Journal ISSN: 1230-7831

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Language: English

Page range: 1 - 10

Published on: Jun 30, 2023

Published by: National Research Institute, Institute of Environmental Protection

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

air pollution,

climate change,

snow cover chemistry,

Kielce city

Related subjects:

Life sciences,

Ecology

© 2023 Mirosław Szwed, Rafał Kozłowski, Zuzanna Śliwa, Aleksandra Zeliaś, Joanna Przybylska, Marta Ludew, published by National Research Institute, Institute of Environmental Protection
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 34 (2023): Issue 2 (June 2023)

Hidden in snow: Selected aspects of chemical composition of an urban snow cover (Kielce, SE Poland)

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Table 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

Figure 9.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 4.

Figure 10.

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