Land Use and Land Cover Change for Resilient Environment and Sustainable Development in the Ethiopian Rift Valley Region

Figures & Tables

LULC from 2000 to 2011	Agroforestry land	Bare land	Cropland	Forest land	Grassland	Settlement land	Shrub/woodland	Total
Agroforestry	41.4	0	2.3	0.36	0.11	0.10	0.23	44.5
Bare land	0.003	0.035	0.027	0	0.12	0.005	0.015	0.205
Cropland	2.9	0.015	27.06	1.5	2.080	0.33	1.10	34.9
Forest	1.7	-	0.77	2.9	0.012	0.013	0.35	5.7
Grassland	1.6	0.014	2.7	0.16	3.86	0.11	1.01	9.5
Settlement	0.02	0	0.012	0.001	0.005	0.35	0.006	0.39
Shrub/Wood land	0.64	0.035	0.20	0.81	1.44	0.17	1.9	5.09
Grand Total	48.263	0.099	33.069	5.7	7.6	1.078	4.611	-

RN	LULCC Classes	General Description
1	Forests	Land with tree cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 % and area of more than 0.5 hectares (ha). The trees should reach a minimum height of 5 meters (m) at maturity in situ (FAO, 2010). According to the UNFCCC for REDD+ purposes forest cover in Ethiopia referred to as 0.5 ha of size, 20% canopy cover and 2m height.
2	Grazing Lands	Grass and herb cover with permanent grass cover and some scattered trees or shrubs for livestock grazing including communal, private (protected), and free area. Relatively flat and open areas with good visibility and hill slopes are homogeneous (Eggleston et al., 2006).
3	Cropland	This unit includes perennial and annual crops land area and fallow lands (Hillbrand, et al., 2017).
4	Agroforestry land	Agroforestry is the collective term for land-use systems and technologies in which woody perennials (trees, shrubs, and fruits) are used deliberately on the same land-management units as crops and animals in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence ((Hillbrand, et al., 2017).
5	Shrubs/woodlands	Shrubs/woods refer to bushes and young tree species co-dominant with herbaceous plants in terms of coverage (Jensen, 2005).
6	Bare land	Land which is unproductive or not used for cultivation or grazing (Ludi and Hurni, 2000).
7	Settlement	It is simply a community where people build houses and live together (Ludi and Hurni, 2000)

LULCC 1986–2019	Agroforestry	Bare land	Crop land	Forest land	Grassland	Settlement	Shrub/wood land	Grand total	Loss
Agroforestry	37.64		0.48	1.21	0.06	0.42	0.06	39.87	2.23
Bare land	0.0010	0.001	0.002	-	0.0010	-	-	0.005	0.004
Cropland	6.35	0.005	21.06	1.75	1.3	0.53	0.29	31.3	10.24
Forest land	1.05	0.002	0.63	2.5	0.121	0.051	0.3	4.6	2.1
Grassland	0.26	0.081	7.7	0.28	2.44	0.1	0.14	11	8.56
Settlement	0.04	0.067	0.045	-	0.042	0.11	0.011	0.25	0.14
Shrub/woodland	8.8	0.052	0.355	0.15	0.65	1.14	1.9	13	11.14
Grand total	54.14	0.15	30.3	5.82	4.6	2.34	2.7	100
Gain	16.5	0.15	9.24	3.3	2.2	2.23	0.8
Net change	14.27	0.146	−1	1.2	−6.36	2.09	`−10.34

Land use/cover type	Magnitude of LULC change in %	Percentage share of gain or loss from 1986 to 2019	Rate of change ha/year
Agro forestry	14.2	+35.7	+443.7
Cropland	1.02	−3.2	−31.6
Shrub / Wood land	10.3	−79.3	−321.2
Grassland	6.2	−56.8	−194.1
Forest	1.1	+23.4	+33.6
Settlement	2.1	+836.2	+65
Bare land	0.14	+2,940	+4.5

R.N.	LULC Class	1986		2000		2011		2019
R.N.	LULC Class	(ha)	(%)	(ha)	(%)	(ha)	(%)	(ha)	(%)
1	Agroforestry	40,964	39.9	45,715	44.5	49,658	48.3	55,606	54.1
2	Cropland	32,143	31.3	3,5923	35	34,024	33.1	31,100	30.3
3	Shrub and Woodland	13,359	13.0	4,713	4.6	4,806	4.7	2,760	2.7
4	Grassland	11,281	11	9,790	9.5	7,794	5.2	4,876	4.7
5	Forest land	4,729	4.6	5,985	5.8	5,378	5.2	5,837	5.7
6	Settlement	257	0.25	401	0.4	980	0.9	2,406	2.3
7	Bare land	5	0.01	211	0.2	97	0.1	152	0.15
	Total area	102,738	100.00	102,738	100.00	102,738	100.00	102,738	100.00

LULCC from 2011 to 2019	Agroforestry	Bare land	Cropland	Forest land	Grassland	Settlement	Shrub/woodland	Grand total
Agroforestry	45.6		0.4	1.01	0.14	0.88	0.31	48
Bare land	0.002	0.035	0.03	0.04	0.02	0.006	0.002	0.1
Cropland	4.9	0.0079	24.6	1.37	1.4	0.54	0.24	33
Forest	0.9		1.22	2.8	0.10	0.039	0.13	5
Grassland	1.2	0.10	3.09	1.6	2.58	0.16	0.4	9
Settlement	0.016		0.30	0.01	0.049	0.56	0.01	0.94
Shrub and Woodland	1.37	0.009	0.65	0.45	0.45	0.15	1.58	4.7
Total	53	0.15	30	7.2	4.7	2.3	2.6

LULC from 1986 to 2000	Agroforestry land	Bare land	Cropland	Forest land	Grassland	Settlement land	Shrub/woodland	Total
Agroforestry	35	0.0032	2.6	1.49	0.12	0.02	0.15	39.88
Bare land	0.00	0.0013	0.001	0.00	0.0021	0.00	0.00034	0.0045
Cropland	3.09	0.06	24.22	0.54	2.6	0.012	0.43	31.3
Forest	0.3	0.5014	1.165	2.21	0.053	0.50	0.535	5.76
Grassland	0.024	0.086	6.3	0.11	4.08	0.00156	0.5	11.1
Settlement	0.0036	0.009	0.0094	0.00012	0.013	0.205	0.011	0.25
Shrub/Wood land	6.2	0.04	0.98	0.1134	2.68	0.118	2.98	13
Total	44.6176	0.2009	35.0904	4.46	9.5481	0.36456	4.42134	100

LULCC	Cropland	Agroforestry	Forest	Grassland	Shrub/WL	Settlement	Bare land	Row total	Users’ accuracy
Cropland	44	1	1	3		0	1	50	88
Agroforestry	1	45	2		2	0	0	50	90
Forest	0	3	35		2	0	0	40	88
Grassland	2	0		36	0	0	2	40	90
Shrub / WL	1	2	2	1	33	1	0	40	83
Settlement	2	0	0	1	0	26	1	30	87
Bare land	3	0	0	2	0	0	25	30	83
Column total	53	51	40	43	37	27	29	280
Producer accuracy (%) b	83	88	88	84	89	96	86

R.N.	Drivers of LULCC	Current drivers of LULCC (Proximate and underlying drivers)	Respondents in group discussions who perceived drivers of LULCC at different agroecology.			Respondents on interviews participants who perceived drivers of LULCC at different agroecology.
R.N.	Drivers of LULCC		Highlands 4 Groups	Midlands 6 Groups	Lowlands 4 Groups	Highlands 21 persons	Midlands 28 persons	Lowlands 21 persons
1	Indirect driver	Demographic factors (population density, settlement)	89%	95%	91%	84%	96%	85%
2	Direct driver	Economic factors (agriculture, charcoaling, fuelwood, daily labouring)	65%	92.1%	87.4%	67.6%	95%	82%
3	Indirect driver	Cultural factors (Songo, and Baabbo)	70%	92.8%	68%	71%	92%	78.9%
4	Direct driver	Natural factors (recurrent high-intensity rainfall and drought)	81%	73.6%	86.2%	80%	91%	83%
5	Indirect driver	Policy or institutional factors (soil and water conservation)	58%	79%	57%	58%	77%	64 %
6	Indirect drivers	Agricultural intensification technology (high yield crops, pesticide and fertiliser)	84%	70.3%	85%	83%	71%	84%

Sensor Type	Path/row	No of Bands	Band combination	Spatial resolution	Acquisition date
Landsat 5 (™)	168/056	7	RGB 432	30 m	5/Jan/1986
Landsat 5 (™)	168/056	7	RGB 432	30 m	28/Jan/2000
Landsat 5 (™)	168/056	7	RGB 432	30 m	10/Jan/2011
Landsat 8 (OLI)	168/056	11	RGB 543	30 m	31/Jan/2019