The use of nanomedicine in cancer treatments

Nanomedicine and nanotechnology rely on precision and autonomy. They are constructed from biocompatible and biodegradable materials. Nanorobots can be engineered via the layer-by-layer method, yielding spherical robots, or by the coating method, which produces asymmetrical forms. Autonomous fabrication techniques such as nanolithography or 3D printing can also be employed. Nanorobots typically consist of a protective shell, an internal drug payload, a propulsion mechanism, sensors for pH and temperature, and a wireless communication system. Drugs are embedded in nanovehicles. Nanocrystals are used when stability is required for oral administration. Liposomes allow the incorporation of multiple drugs into a single nanorobot. Solid lipid nanoparticles enable intravenous administration, while polymers can provide a sustained-release effect. The protective capsule can be made of carbon or silicone, shielding the system from environmental influences. Sensors detect fluctuations in pH or temperature. Propulsion is achieved via bloodstream flow and molecular motors powered by substrates such as glucose or hydrogen. There are five main types of nanorobots. Pharmacytes are widely applied in medicine due to their drug-transporting capacity. Clottocytes demonstrate a coagulation efficiency up to eighty times greater than natural mechanisms. Chromallocytes represent a potential breakthrough in chromosome repair, opening novel avenues for treating genetic diseases. The earliest developments were nanotransporters, such as those based on iron oxide–chlorophyll conjugates and later rapamycin analogues. More advanced systems include DNA-origami nanorobots and biohybrids, the latter incorporating living cells such as macrophages. With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, the combination of AI with nanotechnology promises transformative progress in the future of cancer therapy.