Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Two-Tiered Serological Testing for Borrelia Infection: Immunological Background and Analytical Limitations Cover

Two-Tiered Serological Testing for Borrelia Infection: Immunological Background and Analytical Limitations

Open Access
|Jul 2025

References

  1. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/healthtopics/vectors/world-health-day-2014/Documents/factsheet-lyme-borreliosis.pdf
  2. Burn, Leah, et al. “Incidence of Lyme Borreliosis in Europe: A Systematic Review (2005-2020).” Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, vol. 23, no. 4, 1 Apr. 2023, pp. 172-194, https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2022.0070">https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2022.0070.
  3. https://www.cnscbt.ro/index.php/analiza-date-supraveghere/boala-lyme-1/2240-boala-lyme-2020-analiza/file
  4. O Connell, S. “European Concerted Action on Lyme Borreliosis (EUCALB).” Euro Surveillance: Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin, vol. 1, no. 3, 1 Mar. 1996, pp. 23-24, pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12631850/.
  5. Stanek, G., et al. “European Union Concerted Action on Risk Assessment in Lyme Borreliosis: Clinical Case Definitions for Lyme Borreliosis.” Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, vol. 108, no. 23, 13 Dec. 1996, pp. 741-747, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/8990511/. Accessed 2 June 2024.
  6. Branda, John A., and Allen C. Steere. “Laboratory Diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis.” Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 34, no. 2, 27 Jan. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00018-19">https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00018-19.
  7. Sertour, Natacha, et al. “Infection Kinetics and Tropism of Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato in Mouse after Natural (via Ticks) or Artificial (Needle) Infection Depends on the Bacterial Strain.” Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 9, 31 July 2018, 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01722/full">www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01722/full, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01722">https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01722.
  8. Hanincova, Klara, et al. “Multilocus Sequence Typing of Borrelia Burgdorferi Suggests Existence of Lineages with Differential Pathogenic Properties in Humans.” PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 9, 17 Sept. 2013, p. e73066, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3775742/#pone.0073066.s002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073066">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073066.
  9. Shapiro, Eugene D. “Lyme Disease.” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 370, no. 18, May 2014, pp. 1724-1731, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4487875/, https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmcp1314325">https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmcp1314325.
  10. Wilske, Bettina. “Diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis in Europe.” Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, vol. 3, no. 4, Dec. 2003, pp. 215-227, https://doi.org/10.1089/153036603322662200">https://doi.org/10.1089/153036603322662200.
  11. Wormser, Gary P., et al. “Effect Of Borrelia Burgdorferi Genotype on the Sensitivity of C6 and 2-Tier Testing in North American Patients with Culture-Confirmed Lyme Disease.” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 47, no. 7, Oct. 2008, pp. 910-914, https://doi.org/10.1086/591529">https://doi.org/10.1086/591529. Accessed 5 Feb. 2020.
  12. Eldin, C., et al. “Review of European and American Guidelines for the Diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis.” Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, vol. 49, no. 2, Mar. 2019, pp. 121–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2018.11.011">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2018.11.011.
  13. Mygland, Å., et al. “EFNS Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of European Lyme Neuroborreliosis.” European Journal of Neurology, vol. 17, no. 1, 23 Nov. 2009, pp. 8-e4, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02862.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02862.x. Accessed 3 July 2019.
  14. Moore, Andrew, et al. “Current Guidelines, Common Clinical Pitfalls, and Future Directions for Laboratory Diagnosis of Lyme Disease, United States.” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 22, no. 7, July 2016, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4918152/, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2207.151694">https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2207.151694.
  15. Hajam, Irshad A, et al. “Bacterial Flagellin-a Potent Immunomodulatory Agent.” Experimental & Molecular Medicine, vol. 49, no. 9, Sept. 2017, pp. e373-e373, https://doi.org/10.1038/emm.2017.172">https://doi.org/10.1038/emm.2017.172.
  16. Nagy, Előd, et al. “Diagnostic Pitfalls in a Young Romanian Ranger with an Acute Psychotic Episode.” Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, May 2016, p. 961, https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s103300">https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s103300.
  17. Hammers-Berggren, S, et al. “Serological Follow-up after Treatment of Patients with Erythema Migrans and Neuroborreliosis.” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 32, no. 6, 1994, pp. 1519-1525, https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.32.6.1519-1525.1994">https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.32.6.1519-1525.1994. Accessed 24 Nov. 2020.
  18. Christova, Iva, et al. “Identification of Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia Species, and Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Ticks from Southeastern Europe.” European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol. 22, no. 9, 1 Sept. 2003, pp. 535–542, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-003-0988-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-003-0988-1.
  19. Kannian, Priya, et al. “Antibody Responses toBorrelia Burgdorferiin Patients with Antibiotic-Refractory, Antibiotic-Responsive, or Non-Antibiotic-Treated Lyme Arthritis.” Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 56, no. 12, Dec. 2007, pp. 4216–4225, https://doi.org/10.1002/art.23135">https://doi.org/10.1002/art.23135.
  20. Moysa, Cozette, et al. “Potential Persistent Borrelia Infection and Response to Antibiotic Therapy; a Clinical Case Study and Review of Recent Literature.” Antibiotics, vol. 8, no. 4, 14 Nov. 2019, p. 223, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6963185/, https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040223">https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040223.
  21. Mickaël Guérin, et al. “Lyme Borreliosis Diagnosis: State of the Art of Improvements and Innovations.” BMC Microbiology, vol. 23, no. 1, 1 Aug. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-023-02935-5">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-023-02935-5.
  22. Fang Ting Liang, et al. “Sensitive and Specific Serodiagnosis of Lyme Disease by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay with a Peptide Based on an Immunodominant Conserved Region ofBorrelia BurgdorferiVlsE.” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 37, no. 12, 1 Dec. 1999, pp. 3990–3996, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC85863/, https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.12.3990-3996.1999">https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.12.3990-3996.1999.
  23. Leeflang, M. M. G., et al. “The Diagnostic Accuracy of Serological Tests for Lyme Borreliosis in Europe: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” BMC Infectious Diseases, vol. 16, no. 1, 25 Mar. 2016, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4807538/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1468-4">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1468-4.
  24. Ang, C. W., et al. “Large Differences between Test Strategies for the Detection of Anti-Borrelia Antibodies Are Revealed by Comparing Eight ELISAs and Five Immunoblots.” European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol. 30, no. 8, 27 Jan. 2011, pp. 1027-1032, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-011-1157-6">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-011-1157-6.
  25. Waddell, Lisa A., et al. “The Accuracy of Diagnostic Tests for Lyme Disease in Humans, a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of North American Research.” PLOS ONE, vol. 11, no. 12, 21 Dec. 2016, p. e016861, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5176185/, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168613">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168613.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/orvtudert-2023-0008 | Journal eISSN: 2537-5059 | Journal ISSN: 1453-0953
Language: English
Page range: 89 - 106
Published on: Jul 1, 2025
Published by: Sciendo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 times per year

© 2025 Nagy Előd Ernő, Zaharia-Kézdi Iringó, Székely Edit, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.