Unveiling the taxonomy, systematics, and distribution of the Sooty Falcon (Falco concolor): a history of discoveries and misidentifications

This paper reviews the history of Sooty Falcon’s (Falco concolor) research, tracing its classification from specimens collected during 19^th century European expeditions, to its current International Single Species Action Plan (2025). Eight preserved specimens serve as the syntypes for F. concolor, with those collected from Barqān Island in northwestern Saudi Arabia forming the basis for the species’ original description. The classification of Sooty Falcon faced significant challenges due to early confusion with Eleonora’s Falcon (F. eleonorae) and Grey Kestrel (F. ardosiaceus), leading to numerous misidentifications and an excessive number of proposed taxa. Over time, extensive specimen analysis, particularly from Madagascar, clarified its distinct identity, resulting in the rejection of incorrect classifications. Initially grouped with various small falcons, Sooty Falcon was assigned to different sub-genera. However, recent genetic studies confirm its closer relation to the Eurasian and African hobbies. In the 19^th century, misidentifications led to incorrect assumptions about the Sooty Falcon’s range. Later research confirmed its core breeding areas, particularly in the Red Sea’s coral islands. In recent years, knowledge of inland desert populations has improved significantly, but there are still gaps in information for some putative countries.