Figure 1
Halicardia flexuosa. A: external view of the left valve; B: internal view of the left valve; C: external view of the right valve; D: internal view of the right valve; E: anterior view; F: posterior view; G: external view of the right valve with the attached brachiopod Hispanirhynchia cornea. All scale bars: 1 cm
Figure 2
Holotype of Mytilimeria flexuosa Verrill & S. Smith, 1881 (= Halicardia flexuosa (Verrill & S. Smith [in Verrill], 1881)). A: external view of the left valve; B: internal view of the left valve; C: external view of the right valve; D: internal view of the right valve. Scale bar: 1 cm. Adapted from the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
Figure 3
Global distribution map of Halicardia flexuosa. Square: locality from the present study; circles: localities from bibliography data. Date of the first record of the species for each locality is included
Table 1
Updated summary of the worldwide records of Halicardia flexuosa
| Locality | Coordinates | Year | Ocean | Cruise | Sampling method | Depth (m) | Substrate | N⍛ Ind. | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Martha’s Vineyard (Massachusetts) | n/a | 1881 | NW Atlantic | U.S. Fish Commission | rake-dredge | 570 | sand/mud | 2 valves | Verrill 1881 |
| Cabo (Sahara) Blanco | n/a | 1883 | NE Atlantic | Talisman | n/a | 1495–2300 | n/a | 3 fresh specimens + 1 valve | Locard 1898 |
| Gulf of Maine | n/a | 1885 | NW Atlantic | Albatross/U.S. Fish Commission | n/a | 1238 | brown sand | 1 dead specimen | Dall 1895 |
| West coast of Scotland | 57°41ʹN; 11°48ʹW | 1910 | NE Atlantic | Michael Sars’ North Atlantic | n/a | 1853 | n/a | n/a | Grieg 1920 |
| New Scotland | 42°40ʹN; 62°49ʹ30ʹʹW | 1913 | NW Atlantic | Prince de Monaco | trawling | 1458 | n/a | 2 valves | Dautzenberg 1927 |
| Namibia | 23°00ʹS; 12°45ʹE | ?1968 | SE Atlantic | Atlanti s II | n/a | 1007–1014 | n/a | 1 ?dead specimen | Allen & Turner 1974 |
| Cape St. Vincent (South Iberian Peninsula) | 36°45ʹN; 9°32ʹW | 1984 | NE Atlantic | Balgim Expedition | n/a | 1592 | ooze? | 1 ?fresh specimen | Salas 1996 |
| Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone | 52°58ʹN; 34°52ʹW | 2004 | Mid Atlantic | G.O. Sars MAR-ECO cruise | trawling | 1650 | n/a | 1 ?fresh specimen | Gebruk et al. 2010 |
| Galician Bank (NW Spain) | n/a | 2010–2011 | NE Atlantic | INDEMARES | Bou de Vara/GOC | 1720 | soft | n/a | IEO* 2014 |
| Avilés Canyon System (central Cantabrian Sea) | 43°58.01ʹN; 6°30.95ʹW | 2013 | NE Atlantic | BIOCANT cruise | Agassiz dredge | 1200 | sand | 1 fresh specimen + 3 valves | Present paper |
| SW Iceland | 63°05.67ʹN; 26°52.12ʹW and 63°08.67ʹN; 26°52.92ʹW | 2015 | NE Atlantic | R/V Árni Fridricksson | trawling | 1281–1300 | clay | 2 fresh specimens + some loose valves | Delongueville et al. 2016 |
| Rhode Island (Massachusetts) | 41°13ʹN; 66°19.83ʹW | n/a | NW Atlantic | n/a | n/a | 137–1210 | n/a | 1 valve | Dall 1889 |
| Cape Point (South Africa) | n/a | n/a | SE Atlantic | Pieter Faure | n/a | 840–1188 | n/a | some valves | Soot-Ryen 1966 |
[i] n/a: not available. *IEO: Spanish Institute of Oceanography