Integrated approach to quality indices and health risk assessment of water in the Bahr Yusuf Canal, Fayoum, Egypt

Location	Features of the locations	Latitude (N)	Longitude (E)
1	Hawara before Tafreea (Tema Bridge) (El-Lahon)	30°27’55”	32°32’50.7”
2	Hawarat Adnan	30°27’56”	32°32’50.6”
3	Ezbet Al-Khawaja (Taha)	30°27’58”	32°32’50.5”
4	Ezbet Ameen	30°27’61”	32°32’51.0”
5	Manshiet Kamal	30°27’64”	32°32’52.0”
6	The upper bridge at Dmishqin	30°23’66”	32°33’34.0”
7	Kobry El-Fell	30°02’54”	32°34’74.7”
8	Hawarat Elmaktaa	29°91’16”	32°36’17.6”
9	Village of Snovr	29°24’91”	32°39’45.7”
10	Outlet Qhafa (drinking water plant)	29°16’18”	32°43’56.3”
11	Kobry Baghos	29°15’65”	32°43’58.4”
12	El-Sofi	28°94’18”	32°44’23.6”

Table 2

Water rating according to different Water Quality Index methods

ATI		OWQI		WAWQI		CWQI)
WQI	Rating	WQI	Rating	WQI	Rating	WQI	Rating
60–100	Suitable for all fish species	90–100	Excellent	0–25	Excellent	95–100	Excellent
51–59	Suitable only for hardy fish species	85–89	Good	26–50	Good	80–94	Good
0–50	Totally unsuitable for normal fish life	80–84	Fair	51–75	Poor	65–79	Fair
		60–79	Poor	76–100	Very poor	45–64	Marginal
		0–59	Very Poor	<100	Unsuitable	0–44	Poor

Table 3

The reference dose level (RfD0; mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹), the absorbed factor (ABS) and the dermal permeability coefficient (Kp; cm h⁻¹) for boron and the measured heavy metals

Chemicals	$R f D_{0}^{a}$	$A B S_{G i}^{a b}$	$K_{p}^{ab}$	Chemicals	$R f D_{0}^{a}$	$A B S_{Gi}^{ab}$	$K_{p}^{ab}$
Al	1	1	0.001	Fe	0.7	1	0.001
B	0.2	1	0.001	Mn	0.024	0.04	0.001
Cd	0.0005	0.05	0.001	Ni	0.02	0.04	0.0002
Cr	0.003	0.013	0.001	Pb	0.015	1	0.0001
Cu	0.04	1	0.001	Zn	0.3	1	0.0006

[i] a: USEPA (2018a); b: USEPA (2004)

Table 4

Physical and chemical characteristics of water in the Bahr Yusuf Canal in 2017

Parameter	Winter Range	Spring Range	Summer Range	Autumn Range	Annual Average
Temperature (°C)	19.0–21.0	25.6–26.3	29.4–30.5	24.5–26.0	25.2±3.61
Transparency (cm)	34.0–78.0	66.0–94.0	67.0–94.0	53.0–80.0	73.92±10.53
EC (μS cm⁻¹)	406–495	353–505	313–446	518–592	458.13±69.4
TDS (mg l⁻¹)	243.6–297	211.8–303	187.8–267.6	310.8–355.2	274.9±41.65
TSS (mg l⁻¹)	21.8–78.8	10.0–35.0	7.2–19.40	21.2–50.8	24.7±13.06
TS (mg l⁻¹)	273.6–375.8	227.8–327	204.6–287	337.6–381.6	300±49.75
pH	7.7–7.86	8.17-8.38	8.01-8.25	7.49–7.92	7.95±0.24
DO (mg l⁻¹)	8.19–9.3	7.89–9.23	7.01–8.69	6.52–7.67	8.58±0.64
COD (mg l⁻¹)	5.2–8.88	5.0–7.8	6.18–9.6	6.82–10.2	7.59±1.31
BOD (mg l⁻¹)	2.93–4.27	4.2–6.19	4.8–6.32	3.76–4.89	6.32±0.91
NO₂-N (μg l⁻¹)	18.8–45.2	4.8–40.2	14.2–23.0	27.2–38.2	23.35±11.06
NO₃-N (μg l⁻¹)	162–410	52.9–172.1	148–315	449–707	285.8±177.2
NH₄-N (μg l⁻¹)	231.6–299.2	137.6–192.6	11.4–142.4	239.16–331	209.9±72.68
TN (μg l⁻¹)	500–945	365–517	436–665	1060–1393	725±305
PO4-P (μg l⁻¹)	13.6–19.2	7.22–12.4	8.48–18.82	18.67–25.33	15.49±5.36
TP (μg l⁻¹)	71–115	45.6–95.2	45.6–97.8	74.2–167	83.7±22.57
Silicate (mg l⁻¹)	2.2–2.9	3.71–5.94	5.73–7.86	2.84–6.52	4.75±1.67
TA (mg l⁻¹)	122.3–145.7	143.4–159.52	99.7–126.9	105.6–138.8	130.2±16.08
${C O}_{3}^{2 -} m g l^{- 1})$	3.6–9.6	2.4–4.8	2.16–4.92	2.4–7.2	4.29±1.88
HCO3− (mg l⁻¹)	132.1–161.7	166.5–187.3	114.4–148	122.8–161.8	150.1±19.18
Cl (mg l⁻¹)	18.96–27.62	20.39–24.36	15.22–22.29	28.73–31.94	24.24±4.7
${S O}_{4}^{2 -} m g l^{- 1})$	16.9–19.17	11.62–16.74	9.88–13.66	14.89–17.54	15.2±2.56
Na (mg l⁻¹)	20.16–22.38	18.26–19.68	17.73–18.96	22.18–23.28	20.32±1.89
K (mg l⁻¹)	5.8–6.41	4.8–5.44	4.3–4.89	5.4–6.55	6.1±0.73
TH	107.7–129.5	97.48–126.58	84.29–112.55	129.42–143.44	118.51±14.97
Ca (mg l⁻¹)	18.52–22.7	16.47–21.78	14.65–20.45	23.07–26.03	20.96±2.86
Mg (mg l⁻¹)	14.7–17.46	13.5–17.34	11.4–14.74	17.2–18.92	15.9±1.92
B (μg l⁻¹)	25.28–47.22	26.39–49.44	28.61–48.89	45.28–77.22	44.07±12.91
Chlorophyll-a (μg l⁻¹)	14.38–22.95	21.36–38.2	31.69–44.47	13.96–33.28	26.59±8.62

[i] TA: total alkalinity; TH: total hardness

Table 5

Guidelines for the measured parameters in mg l⁻¹ (except Temp., EC and pH) according to national and international permissible levels

Parameter	Drinking Water			Irrigation	Aquatic life	Parameter	Drinking Water			Irrigation	Aquatic life
	EWQS	WHO	EPA				EWQS	WHO	EPA
Temp. (°C)				< 35	8–28	${S O}_{4}^{2 - a,b}$	250	250	250	960
EC(μS cm⁻¹)^a,b	2000			3000		Na^a,b	200			919
pH^a,b,c	6.5–8.5	8.5	6.5–8.5	8.5	6.5–9	K^b				2
TDS^a,b,c	1000	500	500	2000	500	TH^a	500	500
DO^ac	6			> 4	> 5.5	Ca^a,b	75	75		60
BOD^a	3	3*				Mg^a,b	50	50		400
COD^a	10	10				Al^a,b,c	0.2	0.2	0.2	5	0.1
NO₂-N^a,c	0.06	0.9	1		0.06	B^abc	0.5	2.4	0.5–2		1.5
NO₃-N^a,b,c	10	11	10	10	2.93	Cd^a,b,c	0.003	0.003	0.005	0.01	0.001
NH₄-N^a,b,c	0.41	0.2		5	1.27–0.077**	Cr^a,b,c	0.05	0.05	0.1	0.1	0.01
PO₄-P^b				2		Cu^a,b,c	2	2	1.3	0.2	0.004
TP^a	1					Fe^a,b,c	0.3		0.3	5	0.3
TA		250			> 20	Mn^a,b,c	0.4	0.1	0.05	0.2	0.05
${C O}_{3}^{b}$				3		Ni^a,b,c	0.02	0.07	0.1	0.2	0.025
${HCO}_{3}^{b}$				610		Pb^a,b,c	0.01	0.01	0.015	0.2	0.007
Cl^a,b,c	250	200	250	1036	120	Zn^a,b,c	3	4	5	5	0.05
Reference	EWQS	WHO	EPA	Ayers & Westcot	CCME		EWQS	WHO	EPA	Ayers & Westcot	CCME
	2007	2017	2018a,b	1985	2007		2007	2017	2018a,b	1985	2007

[i] ^abc The parameter used to calculate CWQI and WAWQI for (a) drinking, (b) irrigation and (c) aquatic life purposes. TA: Total alkalinity; TH: Hardness, * BOD according to EU (1975) **Ammonia permissible level dependent on Temperature (20–30°C) and pH value (7.5–8.5)

Multiple box and whisker plots of measured heavy metal concentrations (μg l⁻¹) in the water of the Bahr Yusuf Canal in 2017

Table 6

Water parameters of the Bahr Yusuf Canal compared to the Nile River and other Egyptian Nile canals

Parameters	Units	Water resource
Parameters	Units	Nile River	Nile River	Bahr Yusuf Canal	El-Sharkawia Canal	Ismailia Canal	Beni-Suef Water Resources	Bahr Yusuf Canal
Temp.	°C		17.8–30.7	24.5–25.16	14.50–33.10	16–33		19–30.5
Transparency	cm		15–950		50–150	35–120		34–94
EC	ms cm⁻¹		210–1014	424.6–797.7	313–531	350–544	319–1473	313–592
TDS		128.8–409.9	137–659	260.6–518.6	212.5–348.2	210–365	204–943	187.8–355.2
TSS	mg l⁻¹				10.67–46.00	39–176		7.2–78.8
TS					230.5–358.8	286–528		204.6–381.6
pH		7.43–8.68	7.3–9.0		7.89–8.59	7.09–8.46	7–7.93	7.49–8.38
DO			3–13.2		1.60–9.68	5.78–9.98		7.01–9.3
BOD			1.2–8.0		1.40–6.84	0.3–7.18		2.93–6.32
COD					3.78–14.04	3.68–15.08		5–10.2
CO₃					5.20–20.09	0.0–22.2		2.16–9.6
HCO₃		122–517.4	94.1–324.6		110.4–186.1	105.9–162.4	128–297	114.35–187.2
Cl			6.18–96.80	23.46-84.47	15.10–23.11	14.25–33.16	21–274	15.22–31.94
SO₄	mg l⁻¹	5–50	3.83–58.94	31.7 -86.19	14.60–34.46	8.71–98.8	20–118	9.88–19.17
Ca		18.4–59.6	9.43–41.16	29.58 to 53.75	16.33–30.54	24.17–38.82	34–79	14.65–26.03
Mg		18.5–52.6	6.08–44.93	10.04–15.09	11.05–22.40	9.78–17.62	9–24	11.4–18.9
TH						102–169.34		84.29–143.44
Na		14.4–99.5	11.25–72.7	20.86–57.58	19.73–41.18	15.14–39.7	18–204	17.73–23.28
K		1.4–6.9	3.67–12.08	1.51–5.09	8.06–12.35	5.77–8.89	2.5–16	4.3–6.4
NO₃-N		0–23.8	3–1878	1320–4930	24.37–177.3	31–584	300–16000	52.92–707
NO₂-N	μg l⁻¹		0.5–6943	UDL–460	3.55–19.64	2–27		4.8–45.2
NH₄-N			21–17928		119.0–1793.6	88–569		111.4–331
TN	mg l⁻¹							0.52–139
PO₄-P			4–383		5.69–52.43	8–399		7.22–25.33
TP			15–998		35.43–251.8	38–480		44.1–167
SiO₃			0.39–14.62		1.50–10.95	0.37–8.78		2.2–7.86
Ba				UDL			20–225	25.83–77.22
Fe			199–2211	490–2900	125.8–1478.5	109–223.9	13–1415	169.55–460.5
Mn			30–298	104–850	1.80–119.00	20–483	37–713	23.29–69.35
Zn	μg l⁻¹	50–700	10–115	UDL	1.60–40.40	2–127	<1–1700	16.03–42.18
Cu		UDL–170	10–51	UDL	0.60– 4.12	3–21	<1–1080	3.04–13.94
Ni			1–33	UDL	1.75–20.20	0.0–25		16.07–47.56
Cr		1.7–467			5.20–25.20			8.62–21.44
Cd		UDL–5	0.2–8.1	UDL	0.00–1.21	0–3	<1–400	1.86–8.25
Pb		163–402	5–51	UDL	3.40–32.60	11–34		17.62–49.62
Al				370–2800		55–45400	1608–2545	49.27–145.77
Reference		Elnazer et al. (2018)	Abdel-Satar et al. (2017)	Mahmoud et al. (2016)	El-Degwy (2016)	Goher et al. (2014a)	Melegy et al. (2014)	Present study

[i] UDL = under detection limit

Table 7

WQI and their categorization of Bahr Yusuf water in 2017 for different purposes

Location	OWQI	ATI	CWQI			WAWQI
Location	OWQI	ATI	Drinking	Irrigation	Aquatic life	Drinking	Irrigation	Aquatic life
1	62.46 Poor	90.26 Suitable	78 Fair	92 Good	73 Fair	30.09 Good	0.87 Excellent	17.16 Excellent
2	63.82 Poor	89.49 Suitable	74 Fair	92 Good	65 Fair	50.34 Poor	1.46 Excellent	28.51 Good
3	58.82 Very poor	88.86 Suitable	73 Fair	91 Good	65 Fair	52.35 Poor	1.93 Excellent	37.77 Good
4	59.38 Very poor	89.23 Suitable	76 Fair	92 Good	69 Fair	54.94 Poor	1.99 Excellent	38.59 Good
5	62.72 Poor	88.7 Suitable	72 Fair	92 Good	63 Marginal	51.75 Poor	2.00 Excellent	38.84 Good
6	64.77 Poor	88.34 Suitable	75 Fair	91 Good	67 Fair	44.67 Good	1.89 Excellent	37.04 Good
7	62.15 Poor	88.63 Suitable	73 Fair	91 Good	63 Marginal	51.90 Poor	1.81 Excellent	35.44 Good
8	60.9 Poor	89.14 Suitable	73 Fair	92 Good	65 Fair	59.11 Poor	1.74 Excellent	34.28 Good
9	60.27 Poor	88.45 Suitable	72 Fair	92 Good	65 Fair	65.36 Poor	1.83 Excellent	35.85 Good
10	61.11 Poor	87.77 Suitable	71 Fair	93 Good	65 Fair	57.02 Poor	2.02 Excellent	39.03 Good
11	60.85 Poor	87.93 Suitable	73 Fair	92 Good	66 Fair	53.72 Poor	1.66 Excellent	32.67 Good
12	59.53 Very poor	87.8 Suitable	71 Fair	91 Good	60 Marginal	45.34 Good	1.86 Excellent	35.90 Good
Overall	61.6 Poor	88.34 Suitable	73 Fair	92 Good	64 Marginal	52.31 Poor	1.76 Excellent	34.26 Good

Table 8

Heavy Pollution Index of the measured metals in water of the Bahr Yusuf Canal in 2017 according to guideline levels for drinking, irrigation, and aquatic life

Station	Drinking		Irrigation		Aquatic
Station	HPI	Category	HPI	Category	HPI	Category
1	104.44	Polluted	16.81	Unpolluted	219.07	Polluted
2	153.66	Polluted	27.88	Unpolluted	347.70	Polluted
3	198.93	Polluted	36.66	Unpolluted	461.37	Polluted
4	206.32	Polluted	37.96	Unpolluted	472.24	Polluted
5	200.49	Polluted	38.25	Unpolluted	468.55	Polluted
6	193.40	Polluted	36.01	Unpolluted	444.86	Polluted
7	187.96	Polluted	34.42	Unpolluted	427.57	Polluted
8	187.49	Polluted	33.08	Unpolluted	415.61	Polluted
9	187.89	Polluted	34.81	Unpolluted	430.82	Polluted
10	201.31	Polluted	38.48	Unpolluted	469.04	Polluted
11	175.02	Polluted	31.52	Unpolluted	393.04	Polluted
12	191.44	Polluted	35.04	Unpolluted	434.95	Polluted
Overall	182.36	Polluted	33.62	Unpolluted	417.46	Polluted

Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) in relation to the human population and contamination of water in the Bahr Yusuf Canal with metals in 2017

References

Authors

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ohs-2019-0031 | Journal eISSN: 1897-3191 | Journal ISSN: 1730-413X

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Language: English

Page range: 337 - 354

Submitted on: Mar 8, 2019

Accepted on: May 7, 2019

Published on: Dec 10, 2019

Published by: University of Gdańsk

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Bahr Yusuf Canal,

Nile River,

Water Quality Indices,

heavy metals pollution,

health risk assessment,

spatial-temporal variations

Related subjects:

© 2019 Mohamed E.M. Hassouna, Mohamed E. Goher, Seliem M. El-Sayed, Reda A.A.A. Hassan, published by University of Gdańsk
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 48 (2019): Issue 4 (December 2019)

Integrated approach to quality indices and health risk assessment of water in the Bahr Yusuf Canal, Fayoum, Egypt

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Figure 2

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Figure 3

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