Growth pattern, mortality and reproductive biology of common sole, Solea solea (Linneaus, 1758), in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey

Abdullah Ekrem Kahraman; Taner Yıldız; Uğur Uzer; Özgür Çanak

doi:10.2478/oandhs-2021-0034

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Growth pattern, mortality and reproductive biology of common sole, Solea solea (Linneaus, 1758), in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

Volume 50 (2021): Issue 4 (December 2021)

By: Abdullah Ekrem Kahraman, Taner Yıldız, Uğur Uzer and Özgür Çanak

Open Access

|Dec 2021

Figures & Tables

Monthly length–frequency distribution for females and males of *S. solea*

Table 1

Parameters of the length–weight relationship (W = a TL^b) for all samples, females (F), males (M) and unidentified specimens of S. solea

	a	b	R²	Growth type
Pooled	0.022	2.6838	0.9456	Negative Allometric
F	0.0349	2.5536	0.9032
M	0.0253	2.6235	0.934
Unidentified	0.0201	2.7179	0.941

Table 2

Length-at-age key for all samples of S. solea based on otolith age readings

Length class (cm)	Age (years)			Total
Length class (cm)	1	2	3	Total
11	6			6
12	9			9
13	18			18
14	16			16
15	13			13
16	10			10
17	3			3
18	5	3		8
19		16		16
20		38		38
21		77		77
22		111		111
23		52	29	81
24			67	67
25			47	47
26			19	19
27			15	15
28			9	9
29			4	4
Total	80	297	190	567

Table 3

Von Bertalanffy growth parameters calculated for S. solea

Sex	N	K	t_o	L_∞
Pooled	580	0.48	−0.18	33.7
F	248	0.37	−0.49	35.8
M	294	0.57	0.03	31.3

Seasonally oscillating growth curve generated from length–frequency distribution for *S. solea*

Monthly changes in the mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) and condition factor (CF) by sex of *S. solea* from the Sea of Marmara

Micrographs from cross-sections of immature or virgin gonads, Phase II – Developing (ovaries begin to develop, but are not ready to spawn); Phase III – Spawning capable (fish are developmentally and physiologically capable of spawning); Phase IV – Regressing (cessation of spawning) with hydrated oocytes (HYD); Phase V – Regenerating (characterized by thick ovarian wall); CA = cortical alveolar; GVBD = germinal vesicle breakdown; OW: ovarian wall; POF = postovulatory follicle complex; VTG3 = tertiary vitellogenic

Maturity ogives for males (upper) and females (lower) by total length (TL) for *S. solea*

Table 4

Length–weight relationships for S. solea in different areas

a	b	Sex	Length (cm)	Length	R²	N	Locality	References
Eastern Atlantic
0.005	3.20	M + F	10.0–42.0	–	0.975	334	North Sea	Froese & Sampang 2013
0.0071	3.095	M + F	21.0–43.0	TL	0.954	325	North Sea coast of Germany	Duncker 1923
0.0048	3.175	M + F	2.0–59.0	TL	0.998	5804	Bay of Biscay	Dorel 1986
0.0039	3.264	M + F	3.0–49.0	TL	1.000	3,799	East and West Channel	Dorel 1986
0.0036	3.313	M + F	11.0–29.0	TL	–	13	German Bight & Clyde	Coull et al. 1989
0.0046	3.21	M + F	–	–	–	518	Douarnenez Bay, Brittany	Deniel 1984
0.004	3.251	M + F	9.0–49.0	TL	–	945	North–eastern Atlantic	Mahé et al. 2018
0.0078	3.08	M + F	10.5–38.9	TL	0.969	–	Arade Estuary, Central Algarve	Veiga et al. 2009
0.0071	3.092	M + F	20.5–46.0	TL	0.908	58	Nazaré to St André	Mendes et al. 2004
Central and Western Mediterranean Sea
0.0086	2.99	F	–	TL	–	–	Gulf of Lion	Campillo 1992
0.0109	2.94	M	–	TL	–	–	Gulf of Lion	Campillo 1992
0.0062	3.04	M + F	5.0–45.0	TL	0.980	561	Gulf of Lion	Vianet et al. 1989
0.0106	3.062	M + F	6.5–25.0	SL	0.981	82	Acquitina, Italy	Maci et al. 2009
0.0019	3.453	M + F	19.8–32.5	TL	0.946	2,130	Northern Adriatic	Dulčić & Glamuzina 2006
0.01	2.96	M + F	15.0–45.0	TL	0.932	406	French Catalan Coast	Crec’hriou et al. 2013
Eastern Mediterranean Sea
0.049	2.35	Juvenile	11.2–24.4	TL	0.980	13	Iskenderun Bay	Gökçe et al. 2010
0.0117	2.988	M	8.8–25.0	TL	0.922	550	Iskenderun Bay	Türkmen 2003
0.0091	3.077	F	10.5–28.2	TL	0.947	533	Iskenderun Bay	Türkmen 2003
Aegean Sea
0.0098	3.002	Juvenile	11.0–22.1	TL	0.988	21	Porto-Lagos	Koutrakis & Tsikliras 2003
0.0023	3.369	M + F	18.6–33.7	TL	0.920	171	Aegean Sea	Bilge et al. 2014
0.0088	3.024	M	3.1–29.0	TL	0.9925	529	Güllük Bay	Cerim 2017
0.007	3.1013	F	7.1–37.0	TL	0.9866	607	Güllük Bay	Cerim 2017
Sea of Marmara
0.0043	3.171	Juvenile	6.9–16.0	TL	0.928	55	Sea of Marmara	Bök et al. 2011
0.0183	2.727	M	13.0–27.0	TL	–	206	Sea of Marmara	Oral 1996
0.0011	3.674	F	13.0–34.0	TL	–	218	Sea of Marmara	Oral 1996
0.0253	2.6235	M	11.8–27.8	TL	0.9	294	Sea of Marmara	This study
0.0349	2.5536	F	12.6–29.5	TL	0.934	248	Sea of Marmara	This study

Table 5

Von Bertalanffy growth parameters (L_∞ – asymptotic mean length; k – growth rate; t₀ – hypothetic age at zero length) and growth performance index values (Φ′) obtained in different areas for S. solea

L_∞ (cm)	K (1/y)	t_o (years)	Ø′	Sex	Locality	Reference
Eastern Atlantic
34.2	0.35	−1.3	2.62	M	Dutch ports	De Veen 1976
35.6	0.38	−0.5	2.68	F	Dutch ports	De Veen 1976
36.9	0.28	−2.3	2.58	F	Dutch ports	De Veen 1976
37.4	0.31	–	2.64	M + F	North Sea	Nielsen 1972
39.0	0.4	–	2.78	M + F	North Sea	Beverton & Holt 1959
39.6	0.35	−0.8	2.74	F	Dutch ports	De Veen 1976
42.4	0.39	0.09	2.85	M	Bay of Biscay	Deniel 1990
48.2	0.32	0.08	2.88	F	Bay of Biscay	Deniel 1990
49.8	0.13	–	2.51	M + F	Celtic Sea	Jennings et al. 1998
Central and Western Mediterranean Sea
37.9	0.504	−5.36	2.86	F	Adriatic Sea	Froglia & Giannetti 1986
38.3	0.492	−3.57	2.86	M + F	Adriatic Sea	Froglia & Giannetti 1985
40.1	0.68	–	3.04	M + F	Adriatic Sea	Piccinetti & Giovanardi 1984
39.6	0.44	−0.46	2.84	M + F	Northern Adriatic	Colloca et al. 2013
35.8	0.41	–	2.72	M + F	Tyrrhenian Sea	Wurtz & Matricardi 2020
48.8	0.24	−0.77	2.76	M + F	Gulf of Lion	Vianet et al. 1989
47.2	0.274	–	2.79	F	Gulf of Lion	Girardin et al. 1986
38.8	0.24	−1.09	2.56	M	Castellon coast	Ramos 1982
46.4	0.22	−0.75	2.68	F	Castellon coast	Ramos 1982
Eastern Mediterranean Sea
26.0	0.221	−1.31	2.17	M	Iskenderun Bay	Türkmen 2003
29.9	0.181	−1.55	2.21	F	Iskenderun Bay	Türkmen 2003
30.0	0.33	−1.51	2.47	M + F	Bardawil Lagoon	El-Gammal et al. 1994
Aegean Sea
31.1	0.33	−1.04	2.5	M	Aegean Sea	Hoşsucu et al. 1999
42.5	0.17	−1.96	2.49	F	Aegean Sea	Hoşsucu et al. 1999
30.21	0.19	−0,26	2.24	M	Aegean Sea	Cerim & Ateş 2020
36.95	0.23	−0,03	2.50	F	Aegean Sea	Cerim & Ateş 2020
34.9	0.38	−0.41	2.67	M + F	Amvrakikos Gulf	Stergiou et al. 1997
Sea of Marmara
28.63	0.62	−0.91	2.71	M	Sea of Marmara	Oral 1996
35.79	0.72	−1.06	2.96	F	Sea of Marmara	Oral 1996
31.3	0.57	0.03	2.74	M	Sea of Marmara	This study
35.8	0.37	−0.49	2.67	F	Sea of Marmara	This study

Table 6

Mortality rates and exploitation ratio for S. solea from different geographical areas in the Mediterranean Basin

Z	F	M	E	Fishing technique	Region	Reference
2.49	1.83	0.66	0.73	–	Egypt	Mehanna & Salem 2012
1.7	1.18	0.52	0.69	gillnet	Egypt	Mehanna et al. 2015
1.32	8.2	0.5	0.6	bottom trawl	Iskenderun Bay	Türkmen 2003
0.97	0.66	0.31	0.68	gillnet	Güllük Bay	Cerim & Ateş 2019a
1.42	1.01	0.47	0.68	beam trawl & gillnet	Sea of Marmara	this study

Scatter plot and regional groupings in terms of log_(Linf) and log (k) distributions for *S. solea*

Spawning season of *S. solea* in different studies from the Mediterranean Sea

Table 7

Length at the onset of sexual maturity (cm) for S. solea from different studies

L_m	Sex	Country	Region	Study
18.8	M + F	Germany	North Sea	Froese & Sampang 2013
22.0	M	France	Bay of Biscay	Dorel 1986
24.8	M + F	UK	North Sea	Jennings et al. 1998
26.0	M + F		North Sea	Rijnsdorp & Vethaak 1997
27.0	M + F	Holland	Dutch ports	De Veen 1976
28.0	F	France	East and West Channel	Dorel 1986
29.0	M + F	UK	Celtic Sea	Anonymous 2001
30.0	M + F	Holland	Dutch ports	De Veen 1976
31.0	F	France	Bay of Biscay	Dorel 1986
32.0	F	France	Douarnenez Bay, Brittany	Deniel 1990
20.8	F	Turkey	Aegean Sea	Kinacigil et al. 2008
22.7	M	Turkey	Aegean Sea	Kinacigil et al. 2008
20.4	F	Turkey	Güllük Bay	Cerim & Ateş 2019b
21.5	F	Turkey	Sea of Marmara	this study
18.6	M	Turkey	Sea of Marmara	this study

References

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oandhs-2021-0034 | Journal eISSN: 1897-3191 | Journal ISSN: 1730-413X

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Language: English

Page range: 398 - 410

Submitted on: Apr 29, 2021

Accepted on: Jul 2, 2021

Published on: Dec 3, 2021

Published by: University of Gdańsk

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Solea solea,

growth,

mortality,

reproductive biology,

Related subjects:

© 2021 Abdullah Ekrem Kahraman, Taner Yıldız, Uğur Uzer, Özgür Çanak, published by University of Gdańsk
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 50 (2021): Issue 4 (December 2021)

Growth pattern, mortality and reproductive biology of common sole, Solea solea (Linneaus, 1758), in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Figure 6

Figure 7

Table 7

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