Growth pattern, mortality and reproductive biology of common sole, Solea solea (Linneaus, 1758), in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey

Kahraman, Abdullah Ekrem; Yıldız, Taner; Uzer, Uğur; Çanak, Özgür

doi:10.2478/oandhs-2021-0034

Figures & Tables

Monthly length–frequency distribution for females and males of S. solea

Seasonally oscillating growth curve generated from length–frequency distribution for S. solea

Monthly changes in the mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) and condition factor (CF) by sex of S. solea from the Sea of Marmara

Micrographs from cross-sections of immature or virgin gonads, Phase II – Developing (ovaries begin to develop, but are not ready to spawn); Phase III – Spawning capable (fish are developmentally and physiologically capable of spawning); Phase IV – Regressing (cessation of spawning) with hydrated oocytes (HYD); Phase V – Regenerating (characterized by thick ovarian wall); CA = cortical alveolar; GVBD = germinal vesicle breakdown; OW: ovarian wall; POF = postovulatory follicle complex; VTG3 = tertiary vitellogenic

Maturity ogives for males (upper) and females (lower) by total length (TL) for S. solea

Scatter plot and regional groupings in terms of log(Linf) and log (k) distributions for S. solea

Spawning season of S. solea in different studies from the Mediterranean Sea

Von Bertalanffy growth parameters calculated for S_ solea

Sex	N	K	t_o	L_∞
Pooled	580	0.48	−0.18	33.7
F	248	0.37	−0.49	35.8
M	294	0.57	0.03	31.3

Von Bertalanffy growth parameters (L∞ – asymptotic mean length; k – growth rate; t0 – hypothetic age at zero length) and growth performance index values (Φ′) obtained in different areas for S_ solea

L_∞ (cm)	K (1/y)	t_o (years)	Ø′	Sex	Locality	Reference
Eastern Atlantic
34.2	0.35	−1.3	2.62	M	Dutch ports	De Veen 1976
35.6	0.38	−0.5	2.68	F	Dutch ports	De Veen 1976
36.9	0.28	−2.3	2.58	F	Dutch ports	De Veen 1976
37.4	0.31	–	2.64	M + F	North Sea	Nielsen 1972
39.0	0.4	–	2.78	M + F	North Sea	Beverton & Holt 1959
39.6	0.35	−0.8	2.74	F	Dutch ports	De Veen 1976
42.4	0.39	0.09	2.85	M	Bay of Biscay	Deniel 1990
48.2	0.32	0.08	2.88	F	Bay of Biscay	Deniel 1990
49.8	0.13	–	2.51	M + F	Celtic Sea	Jennings et al. 1998
Central and Western Mediterranean Sea
37.9	0.504	−5.36	2.86	F	Adriatic Sea	Froglia & Giannetti 1986
38.3	0.492	−3.57	2.86	M + F	Adriatic Sea	Froglia & Giannetti 1985
40.1	0.68	–	3.04	M + F	Adriatic Sea	Piccinetti & Giovanardi 1984
39.6	0.44	−0.46	2.84	M + F	Northern Adriatic	Colloca et al. 2013
35.8	0.41	–	2.72	M + F	Tyrrhenian Sea	Wurtz & Matricardi 2020
48.8	0.24	−0.77	2.76	M + F	Gulf of Lion	Vianet et al. 1989
47.2	0.274	–	2.79	F	Gulf of Lion	Girardin et al. 1986
38.8	0.24	−1.09	2.56	M	Castellon coast	Ramos 1982
46.4	0.22	−0.75	2.68	F	Castellon coast	Ramos 1982
Eastern Mediterranean Sea
26.0	0.221	−1.31	2.17	M	Iskenderun Bay	Türkmen 2003
29.9	0.181	−1.55	2.21	F	Iskenderun Bay	Türkmen 2003
30.0	0.33	−1.51	2.47	M + F	Bardawil Lagoon	El-Gammal et al. 1994
Aegean Sea
31.1	0.33	−1.04	2.5	M	Aegean Sea	Hoşsucu et al. 1999
42.5	0.17	−1.96	2.49	F	Aegean Sea	Hoşsucu et al. 1999
30.21	0.19	−0,26	2.24	M	Aegean Sea	Cerim & Ateş 2020
36.95	0.23	−0,03	2.50	F	Aegean Sea	Cerim & Ateş 2020
34.9	0.38	−0.41	2.67	M + F	Amvrakikos Gulf	Stergiou et al. 1997
Sea of Marmara
28.63	0.62	−0.91	2.71	M	Sea of Marmara	Oral 1996
35.79	0.72	−1.06	2.96	F	Sea of Marmara	Oral 1996
31.3	0.57	0.03	2.74	M	Sea of Marmara	This study
35.8	0.37	−0.49	2.67	F	Sea of Marmara	This study

Parameters of the length–weight relationship (W = a TLb) for all samples, females (F), males (M) and unidentified specimens of S_ solea

	a	b	R²	Growth type
Pooled	0.022	2.6838	0.9456	Negative Allometric
F	0.0349	2.5536	0.9032
M	0.0253	2.6235	0.934
Unidentified	0.0201	2.7179	0.941

Mortality rates and exploitation ratio for S_ solea from different geographical areas in the Mediterranean Basin

Z	F	M	E	Fishing technique	Region	Reference
2.49	1.83	0.66	0.73	–	Egypt	Mehanna & Salem 2012
1.7	1.18	0.52	0.69	gillnet	Egypt	Mehanna et al. 2015
1.32	8.2	0.5	0.6	bottom trawl	Iskenderun Bay	Türkmen 2003
0.97	0.66	0.31	0.68	gillnet	Güllük Bay	Cerim & Ateş 2019a
1.42	1.01	0.47	0.68	beam trawl & gillnet	Sea of Marmara	this study

Length–weight relationships for S_ solea in different areas

a	b	Sex	Length (cm)	Length	R²	N	Locality	References
Eastern Atlantic
0.005	3.20	M + F	10.0–42.0	–	0.975	334	North Sea	Froese & Sampang 2013
0.0071	3.095	M + F	21.0–43.0	TL	0.954	325	North Sea coast of Germany	Duncker 1923
0.0048	3.175	M + F	2.0–59.0	TL	0.998	5804	Bay of Biscay	Dorel 1986
0.0039	3.264	M + F	3.0–49.0	TL	1.000	3,799	East and West Channel	Dorel 1986
0.0036	3.313	M + F	11.0–29.0	TL	–	13	German Bight & Clyde	Coull et al. 1989
0.0046	3.21	M + F	–	–	–	518	Douarnenez Bay, Brittany	Deniel 1984
0.004	3.251	M + F	9.0–49.0	TL	–	945	North–eastern Atlantic	Mahé et al. 2018
0.0078	3.08	M + F	10.5–38.9	TL	0.969	–	Arade Estuary, Central Algarve	Veiga et al. 2009
0.0071	3.092	M + F	20.5–46.0	TL	0.908	58	Nazaré to St André	Mendes et al. 2004
Central and Western Mediterranean Sea
0.0086	2.99	F	–	TL	–	–	Gulf of Lion	Campillo 1992
0.0109	2.94	M	–	TL	–	–	Gulf of Lion	Campillo 1992
0.0062	3.04	M + F	5.0–45.0	TL	0.980	561	Gulf of Lion	Vianet et al. 1989
0.0106	3.062	M + F	6.5–25.0	SL	0.981	82	Acquitina, Italy	Maci et al. 2009
0.0019	3.453	M + F	19.8–32.5	TL	0.946	2,130	Northern Adriatic	Dulčić & Glamuzina 2006
0.01	2.96	M + F	15.0–45.0	TL	0.932	406	French Catalan Coast	Crec’hriou et al. 2013
Eastern Mediterranean Sea
0.049	2.35	Juvenile	11.2–24.4	TL	0.980	13	Iskenderun Bay	Gökçe et al. 2010
0.0117	2.988	M	8.8–25.0	TL	0.922	550	Iskenderun Bay	Türkmen 2003
0.0091	3.077	F	10.5–28.2	TL	0.947	533	Iskenderun Bay	Türkmen 2003
Aegean Sea
0.0098	3.002	Juvenile	11.0–22.1	TL	0.988	21	Porto-Lagos	Koutrakis & Tsikliras 2003
0.0023	3.369	M + F	18.6–33.7	TL	0.920	171	Aegean Sea	Bilge et al. 2014
0.0088	3.024	M	3.1–29.0	TL	0.9925	529	Güllük Bay	Cerim 2017
0.007	3.1013	F	7.1–37.0	TL	0.9866	607	Güllük Bay	Cerim 2017
Sea of Marmara
0.0043	3.171	Juvenile	6.9–16.0	TL	0.928	55	Sea of Marmara	Bök et al. 2011
0.0183	2.727	M	13.0–27.0	TL	–	206	Sea of Marmara	Oral 1996
0.0011	3.674	F	13.0–34.0	TL	–	218	Sea of Marmara	Oral 1996
0.0253	2.6235	M	11.8–27.8	TL	0.9	294	Sea of Marmara	This study
0.0349	2.5536	F	12.6–29.5	TL	0.934	248	Sea of Marmara	This study

Length at the onset of sexual maturity (cm) for S_ solea from different studies

L_m	Sex	Country	Region	Study
18.8	M + F	Germany	North Sea	Froese & Sampang 2013
22.0	M	France	Bay of Biscay	Dorel 1986
24.8	M + F	UK	North Sea	Jennings et al. 1998
26.0	M + F		North Sea	Rijnsdorp & Vethaak 1997
27.0	M + F	Holland	Dutch ports	De Veen 1976
28.0	F	France	East and West Channel	Dorel 1986
29.0	M + F	UK	Celtic Sea	Anonymous 2001
30.0	M + F	Holland	Dutch ports	De Veen 1976
31.0	F	France	Bay of Biscay	Dorel 1986
32.0	F	France	Douarnenez Bay, Brittany	Deniel 1990
20.8	F	Turkey	Aegean Sea	Kinacigil et al. 2008
22.7	M	Turkey	Aegean Sea	Kinacigil et al. 2008
20.4	F	Turkey	Güllük Bay	Cerim & Ateş 2019b
21.5	F	Turkey	Sea of Marmara	this study
18.6	M	Turkey	Sea of Marmara	this study

Length-at-age key for all samples of S_ solea based on otolith age readings

Length class (cm)	Age (years)			Total
Length class (cm)	1	2	3	Total
11	6			6
12	9			9
13	18			18
14	16			16
15	13			13
16	10			10
17	3			3
18	5	3		8
19		16		16
20		38		38
21		77		77
22		111		111
23		52	29	81
24			67	67
25			47	47
26			19	19
27			15	15
28			9	9
29			4	4
Total	80	297	190	567

Growth pattern, mortality and reproductive biology of common sole, Solea solea (Linneaus, 1758), in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

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Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Von Bertalanffy growth parameters calculated for S_ solea

Von Bertalanffy growth parameters (L∞ – asymptotic mean length; k – growth rate; t0 – hypothetic age at zero length) and growth performance index values (Φ′) obtained in different areas for S_ solea

Parameters of the length–weight relationship (W = a TLb) for all samples, females (F), males (M) and unidentified specimens of S_ solea

Mortality rates and exploitation ratio for S_ solea from different geographical areas in the Mediterranean Basin

Length–weight relationships for S_ solea in different areas

Length at the onset of sexual maturity (cm) for S_ solea from different studies

Length-at-age key for all samples of S_ solea based on otolith age readings

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