| Membranes |
| Membrane bioreactors – tyrosinase enzyme on Escherichia coli biopolymer | pH 7.5, 20 h | 98% with 140 ± 6 mg·g-1 No apparent capacity loss over three consecutive cycles | [33] |
| Adsorbents |
| Activated carbon Palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis) shells |
| Large surface areas, strong mechanical characteristics | [27] |
| PPAC-ZnO | 313 K 10 ppm CQ | 78.89% Adsorption capacity increases with temperature | [28] |
| A-GO hydrogel |
| Adsorption 63 mg·g-1 | [29, 30] |
| GAC-GO | Equilibrium time 18 h | 37.65 mg·g-1 Adsorption | [32] |
| Organo-clay raw kaolinite treated with citric acid | 20 mg·L-1 CQ 120 min | 99.28% Maximum sorption capacity is 4.03 mg·g-1 |
| Soybean hull residues functionalized with iron oxide nanoparticles (SBH-Fe3O4) | 120 min 318 K | Adsorption capacity 98.84 mg·g-1 Reuse five cycles | [34] |
| Iron and magnesium comodified rape straw biochar (Fe/Mg-RSB) | pH (3–11) CQ 4–25 mg·L-1 at 180 r·min-1 for 8 h 308 K | Adsorption capacity of 42.93 mg·g-1 | [35] |
| MOF sheet, namely BUC-21(Fe) FeSO4·7H2O, 1,3-dibenzyl-2-imidazoli-done-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (H2L) and 4,4’-bipyridine (bpy) | pH = 5.0 30 min | 100% C•OH 242.5 mmol·L-1, H2O2 consumption 83.2% | [36] |
| Catalysts |
| Ferrate-Fe(VI) | CQ 10 μM Fe(VI) 40–180 mM time 1–20 min | 59% CQ removal Algae, antimicrobial, toxicity reduction | [19] |
| CWAO HEO – (MgCuMnCoFe) Ox | Oxygen pressure of 15 bar, catalyst dosage of 1.4 g·L-1, and temperature of 230°C | 34.6% and 41.2% higher than that without the HEO system | [11] |
| Single cobalt atoms in a defined Co–N3 coordination structure | pH range (3–11) employing the SA Co-N-C (30) | 100% | [24, 25] |
| Biochar-supported RM-BC activated persulfate process | 20 mg·L-1 40 min | 84.8% | [26] |
| Carbon nanotube-loaded CoFe2O4 (CoFe2O4@CNTs) composite | 10 mg·L-1 CQ pH 7 | Mineralization efficiency 33%, removal efficiency 98.7% | [37] |
| Advanced oxidation processes |
| SR-AOP | Peroxymonosulfate (PMS, ![]() HSO5−) peroxy disulfate (PDS, ![]() S2O82−) 10.0 mg·L-1 | P25M175-94.6% within 30 min | [23] |
| UV/PS | pH = 6.9 10 min | 91.3% CQ reactions with •OH and ![]() SO4·− were 8.9 × 109 L·(mol·s)-1 and 1.4 × 1010 L·(mol·s)-1 | [38] |
| Photocatalysis-activated SR-AOP over PDINH/MIL-88A(Fe) composites | 10.0 mg·L-1 CQ P25M175 30 min | 94.6% Good reusability and stability | [23] |
| Electrocoagulation | 66.89 mA·cm–2, 600 rpm 60 min electrolysis time 3 mg·L-1 CQ, pH = 6.5 | 95% dissolved aluminum electrodes 0.228 kg·m-3 energy consumption of 12.243 kWh·m-3 | [39] |
| EFP | Carbon felt cathode and BDD anode | 92% (TOC) | [20] |
| FBER | BDD electrodes batch recirculation mode 9 h, pH 5.38, 34.4 mA·cm-2, and liquid flow rate (Q) of 1.42 L·min-1 | Degradation 89.3%, COD 51.6%, mineralization 53.1% energy consumption 0.041 kWh·L-1 | [40] |
| Electro-Fenton with pyrite (FeS2)-modified graphite felt (FeS2/GF) cathode | pH of 3.0 FeS2 loading-10 mg, current density 150 mA, electrode spacing 2.0 cm | 83.3 ± 0.4% 60 min CQ removal, retains 60.0% CQ removal in consecutive batch tests | [41] |
