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Who generated the loopholes? A case study of corporate tax advisors’ regulatory capture over anti-tax avoidance legislation in Finland

By:
Open Access
|Oct 2021

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Should an IDLR be adopted?
View (1–5):
1 = Should not be adopted
2 = Should not be adopted with reservation
3 = No opinion
4 = Should be adopted with reservation
5 = Should be adopted
Should an IDLR be adopted? View (1–5): 1 = Should not be adopted 2 = Should not be adopted with reservation 3 = No opinion 4 = Should be adopted with reservation 5 = Should be adopted

Figure 2

What kind of rule should be adopted?
Type (1–3):
1 = Should apply merely to artificial arrangements
2 = No opinion on type
3 = Fixed ratio rule
What kind of rule should be adopted? Type (1–3): 1 = Should apply merely to artificial arrangements 2 = No opinion on type 3 = Fixed ratio rule

Figure 3

Should the interest deduction limitation rule be adopted?
View
1 = Should not be adopted
2 = Should not be adopted with reservation
3 = No opinion
4 = Should be adopted with reservation
5 = Should be adopted
Should the interest deduction limitation rule be adopted? View 1 = Should not be adopted 2 = Should not be adopted with reservation 3 = No opinion 4 = Should be adopted with reservation 5 = Should be adopted

Figure 4

What kind of rule should be adopted?
Type
1 = Should be a lot let extensive
2 = Should be little less extensive
3 = No opinion
4 = As proposed
5 = Should be more extensive
What kind of rule should be adopted? Type 1 = Should be a lot let extensive 2 = Should be little less extensive 3 = No opinion 4 = As proposed 5 = Should be more extensive

Figure 5

Should the proposed ATAD be adopted?
View (1–5)
1 = Should not be adopted
2 = Should not be adopted with reservation
3 = No opinion
4 = Should be adopted with reservation
5 = Should be adopted
Should the proposed ATAD be adopted? View (1–5) 1 = Should not be adopted 2 = Should not be adopted with reservation 3 = No opinion 4 = Should be adopted with reservation 5 = Should be adopted

Figure 6

How should possible ATAD be adopted?
Type (1–3)
1 = Should be less extensive
2 = No opinion
3 = Should be more extensive
How should possible ATAD be adopted? Type (1–3) 1 = Should be less extensive 2 = No opinion 3 = Should be more extensive

Figure 7

How should the interest deduction limitation rule be amended?
View (1–6)
1 = Should be lot less extensive (ATAD minimum standard)
2 = Should be less extensive
3 = Exemption for specific group
4 = No opinion
5 = As proposed
6 = Should be more extensive
How should the interest deduction limitation rule be amended? View (1–6) 1 = Should be lot less extensive (ATAD minimum standard) 2 = Should be less extensive 3 = Exemption for specific group 4 = No opinion 5 = As proposed 6 = Should be more extensive

Figure 8

View on the equity escape rule.
Equity escape rule (1–5)
1 = Should remain
2 = Should remain with reservation
3 = No opinion
4 = Should be abandoned with reservation
5 = Should be abandoned
View on the equity escape rule. Equity escape rule (1–5) 1 = Should remain 2 = Should remain with reservation 3 = No opinion 4 = Should be abandoned with reservation 5 = Should be abandoned

Statements in the 2012 September consultation_

StatementStakeholderStakeholder groupViewTypeSpecific public entity
1.Confederation of Finnish IndustriesCorporate interest group110
2.Finance FinlandCorporate interest group211
3.Finnish Chamber of CommerceCorporate interest group320
4.Finnish EnergyCorporate interest group110
5.RAKLI - The Finnish Association of Building Owners and Construction ClientsCorporate interest group320
6.The Family Business Network FinlandCorporate interest group110
7.Association of Finnish Local and Regional AuthoritiesMunicipalities interest group331
8.The Finnish Pension Alliance TELAPension funds interest group331
9.The Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions SAKTrade union540
10.The Finnish Tax AdministrationTax authority530
11.Marjaana HelminenTax professor340

Statements in the 2018 spring ministry consultation_

StatementStakeholderStakeholder groupViewEER ex
1.Technology FinlandCorporate interest group11
2.INFRA — Infra Contractors Association in FinlandCorporate interest group11
3.The Finnish Real Estate FederationCorporate interest group23
4.Finnish EnergyCorporate interest group11
5.Federation of Finnish EnterprisesCorporate interest group11
6.Finnish Chamber of CommerceCorporate interest group11
7.Finnish Venture Capital Association FVCACorporate interest group11
8.Finance FinlandCorporate interest group11
9.Confederation of Finnish IndustriesCorporate interest group11
10.The Family Business Network FinlandCorporate interest group11
11.Taxpayers Association of FinlandCorporate interest group11
12.The Finnish Wind Power Association (FWPA)Corporate interest group23
13.RAKLI - The Finnish Association of Building Owners and Construction ClientsCorporate interest group11
14.Paikallisvoima ryCorporate interest group11
15.Kepa ryHuman rights based NGO65
16.Finn watch ryHuman rights based NGO65
17.Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority HSYJoint municipal authority33
18.Pohjolan voima OyjMankala company33
19.EPV Energy LtdMankala company33
20.Teollisuuden Voima OyjMankala company33
21.Association of Finnish Local and Regional AuthoritiesMunicipalities interest group35
22.City of VantaaMunicipality23
23.TA CompaniesNon-profit housing association33
24.SOA — The Finnish Associations of Student Housing OrganisationsNon-profit housing association33
25.Association for Advocating Affordable Rental Housing — KOVNon-profit housing association33
26.Suomen Asumisoikeusyhteisöt ry.Non-profit housing association33
27.The Ministry of Economic Affairs and EmploymentOther authority33
28.The Ministry of Transport and CommunicationsOther authority33
29.Ministry of the EnvironmentOther authority31
30.The Finnish Transport Infrastructure AgencyOther authority33
31.Kassiopeia Finland OyOther private company11
32.Fortum PlcOther private company11
33.OP Financial GroupOther private company13
34.Social Democratic Parliamentary GroupPolitical party65
35.Municipality Finance PlcPublic Authorities' Finance company33
36.Senate PropertiesPublic Real Estate Company33
37.The Association of Finnish Tax AdvisorsTax advisory interest group11
38.The Finnish Bar AssociationTax advisory interest group11
39.The Finnish Tax AdministrationTax authority55
40.Juha LindgrenTax Professor23
41.Tomi ViitalaTax Professor43
42.Seppo PenttiläTax Professor22
43.Reijo KnuutinenTax Professor43
44.Marjaana HelminenTax Professor22
45.The Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions SAKTrade Union65

Statements in the 2018 fall parliamentary consultation_

StatementStakeholderStakeholder group
1.The Finnish Real Estate FederationCorporate interest group
2.Finnish EnergyCorporate interest group
3.Federation of Finnish EnterprisesCorporate interest group
4.Finnish Chamber of CommerceCorporate interest group
5.Finnish Venture Capital Association FVCACorporate interest group
6.Finance FinlandCorporate interest group
7.Confederation of Finnish IndustriesCorporate interest group
8.Taxpayers Association of FinlandCorporate interest group
9.VATT Institute for Economic ResearchEconomic research institution
10.Finnwatch ryHuman rights based NGO
11.Pohjolan voima OyjMankala company
12.Teollisuuden Voima OyjMankala company
13.Fennovoima OyMankala company
14.Association of Finnish Local and Regional AuthoritiesMunicipalities interest group
15.Financial Supervisory Authority (FIN-FSA)Other authority
16.Municipality Finance PlcPublic Authorities' Finance company
17.Senate PropertiesPublic Real Estate Company
18.Juha LindgrenTax Professor
19.Tomi ViitalaTax Professor
20.Seppo PenttiläTax Professor
21.Heikki NiskakangasTax Professor
22.The Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions SAKTrade Union

Statements in the 2016 parliamentary ATAD consultations_

StatementStakeholderStakeholder groupViewType
1.Confederation of Finnish IndustriesCorporate interest group11
2.Federation of Finnish EnterprisesCorporate interest group31
3.Finnish Chamber of CommerceCorporate interest group21
4.Taxpayers Association of FinlandCorporate interest group41
5.Finnwatch ryHuman rights based NGO53
6.Kepa ryHuman rights based NGO53
7.The Association of Finnish Tax AdvisorsTax advisory interest group21
8.The Finnish Tax AdministrationTax authority52
9.Marjaana HelminenTax professor52
10.Tomi ViitalaTax professor41
11.The Finnish Confederation of Professionals STTKTrade union52
12.The Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions SAKTrade union53

Statements in the 2012 April–June consultation_

StatementStakeholderStakeholder groupViewTypeEER ExDelayReal estate exSpecific public entity
1.Confederation of Finnish IndustriesCorporate interest group111110
2.Federation of Finnish EnterprisesCorporate interest group220100
3.Finance FinlandCorporate interest group111010
4.Finnish Chamber of CommerceCorporate interest group111100
5.Finnish EnergyCorporate interest group111110
6.Finnish Venture Capital Association FVCACorporate interest group111100
7.INFRA - Infra Contractors Association in FinlandCorporate interest group320000
8.RAKLI - The Finnish Association of Building Owners and Construction ClientsCorporate interest group110110
9.Taxpayers Association of FinlandCorporate interest group320000
10.The Family Business Network FinlandCorporate interest group111100
11.Attac FinlandEconomic democracy NGO540000
12.Tieyhtiö Valtatie 7 OyPublic infrastructure company220001
13.Association of Finnish Local and Regional AuthoritiesMunicipalities interest group520001
14.City of HelsinkiMunicipality520001
15.The Finnish Transport Infrastructure AgencyOther authority320001
16.The Finnish Pension Alliance TELAPension funds interest group320001
17.Municipality Finance PlcPublic Authorities' Finance company420001
18.PWC FinlandTax advisory company320010
19.The Association for Authorized Public Accountant (KHT-yhdistys ry)Tax advisory interest group210010
20.The Association of Finnish Tax AdvisorsTax advisory interest group111110
21.The Finnish Bar AssociationTax advisory interest group211100
22.The Finnish Tax AdministrationTax authority540000
23.Marjaana HelminenTax professor540000
24.Pauli K. MattilaDoctor in tax law420100
25.The Central Organisation of Finish Trade Unions SAKTrade union540000

Statements in the 2009 consultation_

StatementStakeholderStakeholder groupViewType
1.Confederation of Finnish IndustriesCorporate interest group11
2.Family Business Network FinlandCorporate interest group31
3.Federation of Finnish EnterprisesCorporate interest group11
4.Finance FinlandCorporate interest group11
5.Finnish Chamber of CommerceCorporate interest group21
6.Taxpayers Association of FinlandCorporate interest group31
7.VATT Institute for Economic ResearchEconomic research institution32
8.Financial Markets Department of the Ministry of FinanceOther authority51
9.Association of Finnish Tax AdvisorsTax advisory interest group11
10.Finnish Tax AdministrationTax authority43
11.Large Taxpayers' OfficeTax authority43
12.Marjaana HelminenTax professor51
13.Seppo PenttiläTax professor42

Statements in the 2012 November parliamentary consultation_

StatementStakeholderStakeholder group
1.Confederation of Finnish IndustriesCorporate interest group
2.Federation of Finnish EnterprisesCorporate interest group
3.Finance FinlandCorporate interest group
4.Finnish Chamber of CommerceCorporate interest group
5.Finnish EnergyCorporate interest group
6.RAKLI - The Finnish Association of Building Owners and Construction ClientsCorporate interest group
7.Taxpayers Association of FinlandCorporate interest group
8.The Family Business Network FinlandCorporate interest group
9.Attac FinlandHuman rights based NGO
10.Association of Finnish Local and Regional AuthoritiesMunicipalities interest group
11.City of HelsinkiMunicipality
12.The Finnish Pension Alliance TELAPension funds interest group
13.Municipality Finance PlcPublic Authorities’ Finance company
14.The Association for Authorized Public Accountant (KHT-yhdistys ry)Tax advisory interest group
15.The Association of Finnish Tax AdvisorsTax advisory interest group
16.The Finnish Bar AssociationTax advisory interest group
17.The Finnish Tax AdministrationTax authority
18.Marjaana HelminenTax professor
19.Heikki NiskakangasTax professor
20.The Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions SAKTrade union
Language: English
Page range: 1 - 26
Submitted on: Feb 5, 2021
Accepted on: Jun 29, 2021
Published on: Oct 5, 2021
Published by: DJØF Publishing, Nordic Tax Research Council
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 times per year

© 2021 Lauri Finér, published by DJØF Publishing, Nordic Tax Research Council
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.