Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Conceptualisations and analyses of distrust and mistrust in news media: Reviewing research from a decade of distrust Cover

Conceptualisations and analyses of distrust and mistrust in news media: Reviewing research from a decade of distrust

Open Access
|May 2025

References

  1. *Aharoni, T., Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Tenenboim-Weinblatt, K. (2021). “Be less of a slave to the news”: A texto-material perspective on news avoidance among young adults. Journalism Studies, 22(1), 42–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1852885
  2. *Aharoni, T., Tenenboim-Weinblatt, K., Baden, C., & Overbeck, M. (2022). Dynamics of (dis) trust between the news media and their audience: The case of the April 2019 Israeli exit polls. Journalism, 23(2), 337–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920978105
  3. *Ahmed, S. (2023). Navigating the maze: Deepfakes, cognitive ability, and social media news skepticism. New Media & Society, 25(5), 1108–1129. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211019198
  4. *Alyukov, M. (2023). Harnessing distrust: News, credibility heuristics, and war in an authoritarian regime. Political Communication, 40(5), 527–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2196951
  5. *Andersen, K., Shehata, A., & Andersson, D. (2023). Alternative news orientation and trust in mainstream media: A longitudinal audience perspective. Digital Journalism, 11(5), 833–852. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1986412
  6. *Ardèvol-Abreu, A., Hooker, C. M., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2018). Online news creation, trust in the media, and political participation: Direct and moderating effects over time. Journalism, 19(5), 611–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917700447
  7. *Aupers, S. (2012). ‘Trust no one’: Modernization, paranoia and conspiracy culture. European Journal of Communication, 27(1), 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323111433566
  8. *Bennett, W. L., & Livingston, S. (2018). The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions. European Journal of Communication, 33(2), 122–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317
  9. *Bodó, B. (2021). Mediated trust: A theoretical framework to address the trustworthiness of technological trust mediators. New Media & Society, 23(9), 2668–2690. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820939922
  10. *Cammaerts, B. (2015). Neoliberalism and the post-hegemonic war of position: The dialectic between invisibility and visibilities. European Journal of Communication, 30(5), 522–538. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115597847
  11. Carlson, M. (2018). The information politics of journalism in a post-truth age. Journalism Studies, 19(13), 1879–1888. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1494513
  12. Carlson, M., Robinson, S., & Lewis, S. C. (2021). Digital press criticism: The symbolic dimensions of Donald Trump’s assault on U.S. journalists as the “enemy of the people”. Digital Journalism, 9(6), 737–754. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1836981
  13. *Clementson, D. E. (2019). Why won’t you answer the question? Mass-mediated deception detection after journalists’ accusations of politicians’ evasion. Journal of Communication, 69(6), 674–695. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqz036
  14. *Cloudy, J., Banks, J., & Bowman, N. D. (2023). The str(AI)ght scoop: Artificial intelligence cues reduce perceptions of hostile media bias. Digital Journalism, 11(9), 1577–1596. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1969974
  15. *Coleman, S. (2012). Believing the news: From sinking trust to atrophied efficacy. European Journal of Communication, 27(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323112438806
  16. Dahlgren, P. (2018). Media, knowledge and trust: The deepening epistemic crisis of democracy. Javnost - The Public, 25(1-2), 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1418819
  17. *Das, A., & Schroeder, R. (2021). Online disinformation in the run-up to the Indian 2019 election. Information, Communication & Society, 24(12), 1762–1778. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1736123
  18. *DeAndrea, D. C., Tong, S. T., & Lim, Y. (2018). What causes more mistrust: Profile owners deleting user-generated content or website contributors masking their identities? Information, Communication & Society, 21(8), 1068–1080. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1301523
  19. *de León, E., Makhortykh, M., & Adam, S. (2024). Hyperpartisan, alternative, and conspiracy media users: An anti-establishment portrait. Political Communication, 41(6), 877–902. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2024.2325426
  20. *De Leyn, T., De Wolf, R., Vanden Abeele, M., & De Marez, L. (2022). Networked gift-giving: Ethno-religious minority youths’ negotiation of status and social ties in a society of distrust. New Media & Society, 26(7), 4163–4182. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221114628
  21. *Doll, M. E., Moy, P., & Beckers, K. (2023). In peace journalism we trust? Effects of peace journalism on news-item credibility and media trust. Journalism Studies, 24(16), 1999–2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2274589
  22. *Egelhofer, J. L., Boyer, M., Lecheler, S., & Aaldering, L. (2022). Populist attitudes and politicians’ disinformation accusations: Effects on perceptions of media and politicians. Journal of Communication, 72(6), 619–632. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac031
  23. Ekström, M., & Patrona, M. (2024). Authoritarian populism and the challenges for news journalism: A discourse approach. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003390152
  24. *Elvestad, E., Phillips, A., & Feuerstein, M. (2018). Can trust in traditional news media explain cross-national differences in news exposure of young people online? A comparative study of Israel, Norway and the United Kingdom. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 216–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1332484
  25. Ettema, J. S. (2007). Journalism as reason-giving: Deliberative democracy, institutional accountability, and the news media’s mission. Political Communication, 24(2), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600701312860
  26. Fawzi, N., Steindl, N., Obermaier, M., Prochazka, F., Arlt, D., Blöbaum, B., Dohle, M., Engelke, K. M., Hanitzsch, T., Jackob, N., Jakobs, I., Klawier, T., Post, S., Reinemann, C., Schweiger, W., & Ziegele, M. (2021). Concepts, causes and consequences of trust in news media – A literature review and framework. Annals of the International Communication Association, 45(2), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2021.1960181
  27. *Fenton, N. (2019). (Dis)trust. Journalism, 20(1), 36–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918807068
  28. *Figenschou, T. U., & Ihlebæk, K. A. (2019). Challenging journalistic authority: Media criticism in far-right alternative media. Journalism Studies, 20(9), 1221–1237. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1500868
  29. *Flew, T. (2021). The global trust deficit disorder: A communications perspective on trust in the time of global pandemics. Journal of Communication, 71(2), 163–186. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqab006
  30. *Frischlich, L., Kuhfeldt, L., Schatto-Eckrodt, T., & Clever, L. (2023). Alternative counter-news use and fake news recall during the COVID-19 Crisis. Digital Journalism, 11(1), 80–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2106259
  31. *Goyanes, M., Ardèvol-Abreu, A., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2023). Antecedents of news avoidance: Competing effects of political interest, news overload, trust in news media, and “news finds me” perception. Digital Journalism, 11(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1990097
  32. *Gray, J., & Murray, S. (2016). Hidden: Studying media dislike and its meaning. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 19(4), 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877915572223
  33. *Guðmundsson, B., & Kristinsson, S. (2019). Journalistic professionalism in Iceland: A framework for analysis and an assessment. Journalism, 20(12), 1684–1703. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917695416
  34. *Gunn, J. (2018). On social networking and psychosis. Communication Theory, 28(1), 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtx002
  35. *Ha, L., Xu, Y., Yang, C., Wang, F., Yang, L., Abuljadail, M., Hu, X., Jiang, W., & Gabay, I. (2018). Decline in news content engagement or news medium engagement? A longitudinal analysis of news engagement since the rise of social and mobile media 2009–2012. Journalism, 19(5), 718–739. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916667654
  36. *Haller, A., & Holt, K. (2019). Paradoxical populism: How PEGIDA relates to mainstream and alternative media. Information, Communication & Society, 22(12), 1665–1680. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1449882
  37. *Hameleers, M. (2022). Separating truth from lies: Comparing the effects of news media literacy interventions and fact-checkers in response to political misinformation in the US and Netherlands. Information, Communication & Society, 25(1), 110–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1764603
  38. *Hameleers, M., Brosius, A., & de Vreese, C. H. (2022). Whom to trust? Media exposure patterns of citizens with perceptions of misinformation and disinformation related to the news media. European Journal of Communication, 37(3), 237–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231211072667
  39. *Hameleers, M., Harff, D., & Schmuck, D. (2023). The alternative truth kept hidden from us: The effects of multimodal disinformation disseminated by ordinary citizens and alternative hyperpartisan media: Evidence from the US and India. Digital Journalism, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2210616
  40. *Hameleers, M., & Minihold, S. (2022). Constructing discourses on (un)truthfulness: Attributions of reality, misinformation, and disinformation by politicians in a comparative social media setting. Communication Research, 49(8), 1176–1199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650220982762
  41. *Hameleers, M., & Yekta, N. (2023). Entering an information era of parallel truths? A qualitative analysis of legitimizing and de-legitimizing truth claims in established versus alternative media outlets. Communication Research, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502231189685
  42. Hanitzsch, T., van Dalen, A., & Steindl, N. (2018). Caught in the nexus: A comparative and longitudinal analysis of public trust in the press. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217740695
  43. Harsin, J. (2015). Regimes of posttruth, postpolitics, and attention economies. Communication, Culture & Critique, 8(2), 327–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12097
  44. *Hewa, N. (2021). For the record: Journalism recording technologies from “fish hooks” to frame rates. Journalism Studies, 22(3), 342–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1871400
  45. *Hiaeshutter-Rice, D., Madrigal, G., Ploger, G., Carr, S., Carbone, M., Battocchio, A. F., & Soroka, S. (2024). Identity driven information ecosystems. Communication Theory, 34(2), 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtae006
  46. *Hjorth, F., & Adler-Nissen, R. (2019). Ideological asymmetry in the reach of pro-Russian digital disinformation to United States audiences. Journal of Communication, 69(2), 168–192. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqz006
  47. *Humprecht, E. (2019). Where ‘fake news’ flourishes: A comparison across four western democracies. Information, Communication & Society, 22(13), 1973–1988. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1474241
  48. *Humprecht, E. (2023). The role of trust and attitudes toward democracy in the dissemination of disinformation—A comparative analysis of six democracies. Digital Journalism, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2200196
  49. *Humprecht, E., Esser, F., Aelst, P. V., Staender, A., & Morosoli, S. (2023). The sharing of disinformation in cross-national comparison: Analyzing patterns of resilience. Information, Communication & Society, 26(7), 1342–1362. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.2006744
  50. *Ihlebæk, K. A., & Holter, C. R. (2021). Hostile emotions: An exploratory study of far-right online commenters and their emotional connection to traditional and alternative news media. Journalism, 22(5), 1207–1222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920985726
  51. Jakobsson, P., & Stiernstedt, F. (2023). Trust and the media: Arguments for the (irr)elevance of a concept. Journalism Studies, 24(4), 479–495. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2169191
  52. *Jakobsson, P., & Stiernstedt, F. (2024). Media resentment. European Journal of Communication, 39(3), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231241228961
  53. *Juarez Miro, C., & Anderson, J. (2024). Correcting false information: Journalistic coverage during the 2016 and 2020 US elections. Journalism Studies, 25(2), 218–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2293830
  54. *Kaiser, J., Vaccari, C., & Chadwick, A. (2022). Partisan blocking: Biased responses to shared misinformation contribute to network polarization on social media. Journal of Communication, 72(2), 214–240. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac002
  55. Kangas, O., & Kvist, J. (2018). Nordic welfare states. In B. Greve (Ed.), Routledge handbook of the welfare state (2nd ed.) (pp. 148–160). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315207049
  56. *Karlsson, M. (2020). Dispersing the opacity of transparency in journalism on the appeal of different forms of transparency to the general public. Journalism Studies, 21(13), 1795–1814. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1790028
  57. *Kim, B., & Jin, B. (2023). Ideological and economic influences on journalistic autonomy and cynicism: A moderating role of digital adaptation of news organizations. Journalism, 24(9), 2076–2094. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221095334
  58. *Knudsen, E., Dahlberg, S., Iversen, M. H., Johannesson, M. P., & Nygaard, S. (2022). How the public understands news media trust: An open-ended approach. Journalism, 23(11), 2347–2363. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211005892
  59. *Koivunen, A., & Vuorelma, J. (2022). Trust and authority in the age of mediatised politics. European Journal of Communication, 37(4), 393–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231211072653
  60. *Kyriakidou, M., Morani, M., Cushion, S., & Hughes, C. (2023). Audience understandings of disinformation: Navigating news media through a prism of pragmatic scepticism. Journalism, 24(11), 2379–2396. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221114244
  61. Ladd, J. M. (2012). Why Americans hate the media and how it matters. Princeton University Press.
  62. *Lee, E. H., Lee, T. (D.), & Lee, B.-K. (2022). Understanding the role of new media literacy in the diffusion of unverified information during the COVID-19 pandemic. New Media & Society, 26(9), 5195–5218. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221130955
  63. *Lee, E.-J., & Jang, J. (2023). How political identity and misinformation priming affect truth judgments and sharing intention of partisan news. Digital Journalism, 11(1), 226–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2163413
  64. *Li, J. (2023). Not all skepticism is “healthy” skepticism: Theorizing accuracy- and identity-motivated skepticism toward social media misinformation. New Media & Society, 27(1), 522–544. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231179941
  65. Luhmann, N. (2017). Trust and power (C. Morgner, & M. King, Eds.). Polity Press.
  66. *Lyons, B. A. (2022). Why we should rethink the third-person effect: Disentangling bias and earned confidence using behavioral data. Journal of Communication, 72(5), 565–577. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac021
  67. *Maddox, J. (2023). Micro-celebrities of information: Mapping calibrated expertise and knowledge influencers among social media veterinarians. Information, Communication & Society, 26(14), 2726–2752. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2109980
  68. *Markov, Č., & Min, Y. (2023). Unpacking public animosity toward professional journalism: A qualitative analysis of the differences between media distrust and cynicism. Journalism, 24(10), 2136–2154. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221122064
  69. *Martí-Danés, A., Besalú, R., Pont-Sorribes, C., & Gómez-Puertas, L. (2023). Analysis of news credibility in the digital press: Source types have a limited effect, while age, gender, and education are differential factors. Journalism, 25(12), 2582–2603. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849231215190
  70. *Martin, J. D., & Hassan, F. (2020). News media credibility ratings and perceptions of online fake news exposure in five countries. Journalism Studies, 21(16), 2215–2233. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1827970
  71. *Martin, J. D., Martins, R. J., & Naqvi, S. (2018). Media use predictors of online political efficacy among Internet users in five Arab countries. Information, Communication & Society, 21(1), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1266375
  72. *Masullo, G. M., Tenenboim, O., & Lu, S. (2023). “Toxic atmosphere effect”: Uncivil online comments cue negative audience perceptions of news outlet credibility. Journalism, 24(1), 101–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211064001
  73. *Matthes, J. (2013). The affective underpinnings of hostile media perceptions: Exploring the distinct effects of affective and cognitive involvement. Communication Research, 40(3), 360–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211420255
  74. *Mesmer, K. R. (2023). Socializing students to accept hostility? How instructors talk about hostility in the journalism classroom. Journalism, 25(12), 2564–2581. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849231219099
  75. *Michailidou, A., & Trenz, H.-J. (2021). Rethinking journalism standards in the era of post-truth politics: From truth keepers to truth mediators. Media, Culture & Society, 43(7), 1340–1349. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437211040669
  76. *Molina, M. D., & Sundar, S. S. (2024). Does distrust in humans predict greater trust in AI? Role of individual differences in user responses to content moderation. New Media & Society, 26(6), 3638–3656. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221103534
  77. *Moran, R. E., & Nechushtai, E. (2023). Before reception: Trust in the news as infrastructure. Journalism, 24(3), 457–474. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211048961
  78. *Moreno-Almeida, C., & Banaji, S. (2019). Digital use and mistrust in the aftermath of the Arab Spring: Beyond narratives of liberation and disillusionment. Media, Culture & Society, 41(8), 1125–1141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718823143
  79. Mudde, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190234874.001.0001
  80. *Nelson, J. L., & Lewis, S. C. (2023). Only “sheep” trust journalists? How citizens’ self-perceptions shape their approach to news. New Media & Society, 25(7), 1522–1541. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211018160
  81. *Neo, R. L. (2020). The limits of online consensus effects: A social affirmation theory of how aggregate online rating scores influence trust in factual corrections. Communication Research, 47(5), 771–792. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650218782823
  82. *Park, C. S. (2024). Why people rely on fact-checkers? Testing theses of “perceived severity of fake news” and “disappointment in news media”. Journalism Studies, 25(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2289878
  83. *Park, S., Fisher, C., Fletcher, R., Tandoc, E., Dulleck, U., Fulton, J., Stepnik, A., & Yao, S. P. (2024). Exploring responses to mainstream news among heavy and non-news users: From high-effort pragmatic scepticism to low effort cynical disengagement. New Media & Society, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241234916
  84. *Park, Y. J., Chung, J. E., & Kim, J. N. (2022). Social media, misinformation, and cultivation of informational mistrust: Cultivating Covid-19 mistrust. Journalism, 23(12), 2571–2590. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221085050
  85. *Parks, P. (2020). Toward a humanistic turn for a more ethical journalism. Journalism, 21(9), 1229–1245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919894778
  86. *Pasitselska, O. (2022). Logics of exclusion: How Ukrainian audiences renegotiate propagandistic narratives in times of conflict. Political Communication, 39(4), 475–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2022.2047846
  87. *Pedersen, S., & Burnett, S. (2022). Women’s use and abuse of the news media during the COVID-19 pandemic on Mumsnet. Digital Journalism, 10(6), 1098–1114. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1967768
  88. *Peeters, M., & Maeseele, P. (2024). From sporadic sympathy to devoted skepticism: Alternative media use as an affective sense-making practice. Digital Journalism, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2024.2312426
  89. *Pingree, R. J. (2011). Effects of unresolved factual disputes in the news on epistemic political efficacy. Journal of Communication, 61(1), 22–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01525.x
  90. *Post, S., & Bienzeisler, N. (2024). The honest broker versus the epistocrat: Attenuating distrust in science by disentangling science from politics. Political Communication, 41(5), 763–785. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2024.2317274
  91. *Pyo, J. Y. (2024). Haters as anti-fans? Accruing capital through audiences who hate journalists. Digital Journalism, 12(6), 773–789. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2191331
  92. *Quick, B. L., Morgan, S. E., LaVoie, N. R., & Bosch, D. (2014). Grey’s anatomy viewing and organ donation attitude formation: Examining mediators bridging this relationship among African Americans, Caucasians, and Latinos. Communication Research, 41(5), 690–716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650213475476
  93. Rekker, R. (2021). The nature and origins of political polarization over science. Public Understanding of Science, 30(4), 352–368. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662521989193
  94. *Riedl, A., & Eberl, J.-M. (2022). Audience expectations of journalism: What’s politics got to do with it? Journalism, 23(8), 1682–1699. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920976422
  95. *Robinson, S., Jensen, K., & Dávalos, C. (2021). “Listening literacies” as keys to rebuilding trust in journalism: A typology for a changing news audience. Journalism Studies, 22(9), 1219–1237. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1937677
  96. *Ross Arguedas, A. A., Badrinathan, S., Mont’Alverne, C., Toff, B., Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. K. (2022). “It’s a battle you are never going to win”: Perspectives from journalists in four countries on how digital media platforms undermine trust in news. Journalism Studies, 23(14), 1821–1840. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2112908
  97. *Sang, Y., Lee, J. Y., Park, S., Fisher, C., & Fuller, G. (2020). Signalling and expressive interaction: Online news users’ different modes of interaction on digital platforms. Digital Journalism, 8(4), 467–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1743194
  98. *Schwarzenegger, C. (2020). Personal epistemologies of the media: Selective criticality, pragmatic trust, and competence–confidence in navigating media repertoires in the digital age. New Media & Society, 22(2), 361–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819856919
  99. *Seçkin, G., Hughes, S., Campbell, P., & Lawson, M. (2021). In internet we trust: Intersectionality of distrust and patient non-adherence. Information, Communication & Society, 24(5), 751–771. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1874479
  100. *Shin, J., & Thorson, K. (2017). Partisan selective sharing: The biased diffusion of fact-checking messages on social media. Journal of Communication, 67(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12284
  101. *Shin, W., Kim, C., & Joo, J. (2021). Hating journalism: Anti-press discourse and negative emotions toward journalism in Korea. Journalism, 22(5), 1239–1255. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920985729
  102. *Splendore, S., & Curini, L. (2020). Proximity between citizens and journalists as a determinant of trust in the media: An application to Italy. Journalism Studies, 21(9), 1167–1185. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1725601
  103. *Stecula, D. A., Motta, M., Kuru, O., & Jamieson, K. H. (2022). The great and powerful Dr. Oz? Alternative health media consumption and vaccine views in the United States. Journal of Communication, 72(3), 374–400. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac011
  104. *Suiter, J., & Fletcher, R. (2020). Polarization and partisanship: Key drivers of distrust in media old and new? European Journal of Communication, 35(5), 484–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323120903685
  105. *Szostek, J. (2018). News media repertoires and strategic narrative reception: A paradox of dis/belief in authoritarian Russia. New Media & Society, 20(1), 68–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816656638
  106. *Thurman, N., Moeller, J., Helberger, N., & Trilling, D. (2019). My friends, editors, algorithms, and I. Digital Journalism, 7(4), 447–469. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1493936
  107. *Tsai, J.-Y., Bosse, R., Sridharan, N., & Chadha, M. (2022). Reclaiming the narratives: Situated multidimensional representation of underserved Indigenous communities through citizen-driven reporting. Journalism, 23(10), 2132–2152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920983261
  108. *Tsang, S. J. (2018). Empathy and the hostile media phenomenon. Journal of Communication, 68(4), 809–829. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy031
  109. *Tsfati, Y., & Cappella, J. N. (2003). Do people watch what they do not trust? Exploring the association between news media skepticism and exposure. Communication Research, 30(5), 504–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203253371
  110. *Tuomola, S., & Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2023). Emotion mobilisation through the imagery of people in Finnish-language right-wing alternative media. Digital Journalism, 11(1), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2061551
  111. *van der Meer, T. G. L. A., Hameleers, M., & Ohme, J. (2023). Can fighting misinformation have a negative spillover effect? How warnings for the threat of misinformation can decrease general news credibility. Journalism Studies, 24(6), 803–823. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2187652
  112. *Vanhaeght, A.-S. (2018). The need for not more, but more socially relevant audience participation in public service media. Media, Culture & Society, 41(1), 120–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718798898
  113. *van Krieken, K. (2020). Do reconstructive and attributive quotes in news narratives influence engagement, credibility and realism? Journalism Studies, 21(2), 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2019.1632735
  114. *van Zoonen, L. (2012). I-pistemology: Changing truth claims in popular and political culture. European Journal of Communication, 27(1), 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323112438808
  115. *Vermeer, S., Kruikemeier, S., Trilling, D., & de Vreese, C. (2022). Using panel data to study political interest, news media trust, and news media use in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journalism Studies, 23(5-6), 740–760. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.2017790
  116. *Vraga, E. K., & Tully, M. (2021). News literacy, social media behaviors, and skepticism toward information on social media. Information, Communication & Society, 24(2), 150–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1637445
  117. *Wagner, M. C., & Boczkowski, P. J. (2019). The reception of fake news: The interpretations and practices that shape the consumption of perceived misinformation. Digital Journalism, 7(7), 870–885. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1653208
  118. *Wagnsson, C. (2023). The paperboys of Russian messaging: RT/Sputnik audiences as vehicles for malign information influence. Information, Communication & Society, 26(9), 1849–1867. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2041700
  119. *Wenzel, A. (2020). Red state, purple town: Polarized communities and local journalism in rural and small-town Kentucky. Journalism, 21(4), 557–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918783949
  120. *Wu, A. X. (2018). Brainwashing paranoia and lay media theories in China: The phenomenological dimension of media use (and the self) in digital environments. Media, Culture & Society, 40(6), 909–926. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717734409
  121. *Yamamoto, M., Jo, H., & Ran, W. (2022). Anti-media expression by citizens: Conservative summary sites, hostile media perceptions, and media trust in Japan. Information, Communication & Society, 25(13), 1952–1968. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1907436
  122. *Yamamoto, M., Lee, T.-T., & Ran, W. (2016). Media trust in a community context: A multilevel analysis of individual- and prefecture-level sources of media trust in Japan. Communication Research, 43(1), 131–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650214565894
  123. *Zimdars, M., Cullinan, M. E., & Na, K. (2023). Alternative health groups on social media, misinformation, and the (de)stabilization of ontological security. New Media & Society, 26(10), 6059–6076. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221146171
  124. *Zimmermann, F., & Kohring, M. (2020). Mistrust, disinforming news, and vote choice: A panel survey on the origins and consequences of believing disinformation in the 2017 German parliamentary election. Political Communication, 37(2), 215–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1686095
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2025-0006 | Journal eISSN: 2001-5119 | Journal ISSN: 1403-1108
Language: English
Page range: 1 - 27
Published on: May 7, 2025
Published by: University of Gothenburg Nordicom
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

© 2025 Peter Jakobsson, Fredrik Stiernstedt, published by University of Gothenburg Nordicom
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.