References
- *Aharoni, T., Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Tenenboim-Weinblatt, K. (2021). “Be less of a slave to the news”: A texto-material perspective on news avoidance among young adults. Journalism Studies, 22(1), 42–59.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1852885 - *Aharoni, T., Tenenboim-Weinblatt, K., Baden, C., & Overbeck, M. (2022). Dynamics of (dis) trust between the news media and their audience: The case of the April 2019 Israeli exit polls. Journalism, 23(2), 337–353.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920978105 - *Ahmed, S. (2023). Navigating the maze: Deepfakes, cognitive ability, and social media news skepticism. New Media & Society, 25(5), 1108–1129.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211019198 - *Alyukov, M. (2023). Harnessing distrust: News, credibility heuristics, and war in an authoritarian regime. Political Communication, 40(5), 527–554.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2196951 - *Andersen, K., Shehata, A., & Andersson, D. (2023). Alternative news orientation and trust in mainstream media: A longitudinal audience perspective. Digital Journalism, 11(5), 833–852.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1986412 - *Ardèvol-Abreu, A., Hooker, C. M., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2018). Online news creation, trust in the media, and political participation: Direct and moderating effects over time. Journalism, 19(5), 611–631.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917700447 - *Aupers, S. (2012). ‘Trust no one’: Modernization, paranoia and conspiracy culture. European Journal of Communication, 27(1), 22–34.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323111433566 - *Bennett, W. L., & Livingston, S. (2018). The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions. European Journal of Communication, 33(2), 122–139.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317 - *Bodó, B. (2021). Mediated trust: A theoretical framework to address the trustworthiness of technological trust mediators. New Media & Society, 23(9), 2668–2690.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820939922 - *Cammaerts, B. (2015). Neoliberalism and the post-hegemonic war of position: The dialectic between invisibility and visibilities. European Journal of Communication, 30(5), 522–538.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115597847 - Carlson, M. (2018). The information politics of journalism in a post-truth age. Journalism Studies, 19(13), 1879–1888.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1494513 - Carlson, M., Robinson, S., & Lewis, S. C. (2021). Digital press criticism: The symbolic dimensions of Donald Trump’s assault on U.S. journalists as the “enemy of the people”. Digital Journalism, 9(6), 737–754.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1836981 - *Clementson, D. E. (2019). Why won’t you answer the question? Mass-mediated deception detection after journalists’ accusations of politicians’ evasion. Journal of Communication, 69(6), 674–695.
https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqz036 - *Cloudy, J., Banks, J., & Bowman, N. D. (2023). The str(AI)ght scoop: Artificial intelligence cues reduce perceptions of hostile media bias. Digital Journalism, 11(9), 1577–1596.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1969974 - *Coleman, S. (2012). Believing the news: From sinking trust to atrophied efficacy. European Journal of Communication, 27(1), 35–45.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323112438806 - Dahlgren, P. (2018). Media, knowledge and trust: The deepening epistemic crisis of democracy. Javnost - The Public, 25(1-2), 20–27.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1418819 - *Das, A., & Schroeder, R. (2021). Online disinformation in the run-up to the Indian 2019 election. Information, Communication & Society, 24(12), 1762–1778.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1736123 - *DeAndrea, D. C., Tong, S. T., & Lim, Y. (2018). What causes more mistrust: Profile owners deleting user-generated content or website contributors masking their identities? Information, Communication & Society, 21(8), 1068–1080.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1301523 - *de León, E., Makhortykh, M., & Adam, S. (2024). Hyperpartisan, alternative, and conspiracy media users: An anti-establishment portrait. Political Communication, 41(6), 877–902.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2024.2325426 - *De Leyn, T., De Wolf, R., Vanden Abeele, M., & De Marez, L. (2022). Networked gift-giving: Ethno-religious minority youths’ negotiation of status and social ties in a society of distrust. New Media & Society, 26(7), 4163–4182.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221114628 - *Doll, M. E., Moy, P., & Beckers, K. (2023). In peace journalism we trust? Effects of peace journalism on news-item credibility and media trust. Journalism Studies, 24(16), 1999–2019.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2274589 - *Egelhofer, J. L., Boyer, M., Lecheler, S., & Aaldering, L. (2022). Populist attitudes and politicians’ disinformation accusations: Effects on perceptions of media and politicians. Journal of Communication, 72(6), 619–632.
https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac031 - Ekström, M., & Patrona, M. (2024). Authoritarian populism and the challenges for news journalism: A discourse approach. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003390152 - *Elvestad, E., Phillips, A., & Feuerstein, M. (2018). Can trust in traditional news media explain cross-national differences in news exposure of young people online? A comparative study of Israel, Norway and the United Kingdom. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 216–235.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1332484 - Ettema, J. S. (2007). Journalism as reason-giving: Deliberative democracy, institutional accountability, and the news media’s mission. Political Communication, 24(2), 143–160.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600701312860 - Fawzi, N., Steindl, N., Obermaier, M., Prochazka, F., Arlt, D., Blöbaum, B., Dohle, M., Engelke, K. M., Hanitzsch, T., Jackob, N., Jakobs, I., Klawier, T., Post, S., Reinemann, C., Schweiger, W., & Ziegele, M. (2021). Concepts, causes and consequences of trust in news media – A literature review and framework. Annals of the International Communication Association, 45(2), 154–174.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2021.1960181 - *Fenton, N. (2019). (Dis)trust. Journalism, 20(1), 36–39.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918807068 - *Figenschou, T. U., & Ihlebæk, K. A. (2019). Challenging journalistic authority: Media criticism in far-right alternative media. Journalism Studies, 20(9), 1221–1237.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1500868 - *Flew, T. (2021). The global trust deficit disorder: A communications perspective on trust in the time of global pandemics. Journal of Communication, 71(2), 163–186.
https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqab006 - *Frischlich, L., Kuhfeldt, L., Schatto-Eckrodt, T., & Clever, L. (2023). Alternative counter-news use and fake news recall during the COVID-19 Crisis. Digital Journalism, 11(1), 80–102.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2106259 - *Goyanes, M., Ardèvol-Abreu, A., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2023). Antecedents of news avoidance: Competing effects of political interest, news overload, trust in news media, and “news finds me” perception. Digital Journalism, 11(1), 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1990097 - *Gray, J., & Murray, S. (2016). Hidden: Studying media dislike and its meaning. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 19(4), 357–372.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877915572223 - *Guðmundsson, B., & Kristinsson, S. (2019). Journalistic professionalism in Iceland: A framework for analysis and an assessment. Journalism, 20(12), 1684–1703.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917695416 - *Gunn, J. (2018). On social networking and psychosis. Communication Theory, 28(1), 69–88.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtx002 - *Ha, L., Xu, Y., Yang, C., Wang, F., Yang, L., Abuljadail, M., Hu, X., Jiang, W., & Gabay, I. (2018). Decline in news content engagement or news medium engagement? A longitudinal analysis of news engagement since the rise of social and mobile media 2009–2012. Journalism, 19(5), 718–739.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916667654 - *Haller, A., & Holt, K. (2019). Paradoxical populism: How PEGIDA relates to mainstream and alternative media. Information, Communication & Society, 22(12), 1665–1680.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1449882 - *Hameleers, M. (2022). Separating truth from lies: Comparing the effects of news media literacy interventions and fact-checkers in response to political misinformation in the US and Netherlands. Information, Communication & Society, 25(1), 110–126.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1764603 - *Hameleers, M., Brosius, A., & de Vreese, C. H. (2022). Whom to trust? Media exposure patterns of citizens with perceptions of misinformation and disinformation related to the news media. European Journal of Communication, 37(3), 237–268.
https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231211072667 - *Hameleers, M., Harff, D., & Schmuck, D. (2023). The alternative truth kept hidden from us: The effects of multimodal disinformation disseminated by ordinary citizens and alternative hyperpartisan media: Evidence from the US and India. Digital Journalism, 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2210616 - *Hameleers, M., & Minihold, S. (2022). Constructing discourses on (un)truthfulness: Attributions of reality, misinformation, and disinformation by politicians in a comparative social media setting. Communication Research, 49(8), 1176–1199.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650220982762 - *Hameleers, M., & Yekta, N. (2023). Entering an information era of parallel truths? A qualitative analysis of legitimizing and de-legitimizing truth claims in established versus alternative media outlets. Communication Research, 1–23.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502231189685 - Hanitzsch, T., van Dalen, A., & Steindl, N. (2018). Caught in the nexus: A comparative and longitudinal analysis of public trust in the press. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(1), 3–23.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217740695 - Harsin, J. (2015). Regimes of posttruth, postpolitics, and attention economies. Communication, Culture & Critique, 8(2), 327–333.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12097 - *Hewa, N. (2021). For the record: Journalism recording technologies from “fish hooks” to frame rates. Journalism Studies, 22(3), 342–357.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1871400 - *Hiaeshutter-Rice, D., Madrigal, G., Ploger, G., Carr, S., Carbone, M., Battocchio, A. F., & Soroka, S. (2024). Identity driven information ecosystems. Communication Theory, 34(2), 82–91.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtae006 - *Hjorth, F., & Adler-Nissen, R. (2019). Ideological asymmetry in the reach of pro-Russian digital disinformation to United States audiences. Journal of Communication, 69(2), 168–192.
https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqz006 - *Humprecht, E. (2019). Where ‘fake news’ flourishes: A comparison across four western democracies. Information, Communication & Society, 22(13), 1973–1988.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1474241 - *Humprecht, E. (2023). The role of trust and attitudes toward democracy in the dissemination of disinformation—A comparative analysis of six democracies. Digital Journalism, 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2200196 - *Humprecht, E., Esser, F., Aelst, P. V., Staender, A., & Morosoli, S. (2023). The sharing of disinformation in cross-national comparison: Analyzing patterns of resilience. Information, Communication & Society, 26(7), 1342–1362.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.2006744 - *Ihlebæk, K. A., & Holter, C. R. (2021). Hostile emotions: An exploratory study of far-right online commenters and their emotional connection to traditional and alternative news media. Journalism, 22(5), 1207–1222.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920985726 - Jakobsson, P., & Stiernstedt, F. (2023). Trust and the media: Arguments for the (irr)elevance of a concept. Journalism Studies, 24(4), 479–495.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2169191 - *Jakobsson, P., & Stiernstedt, F. (2024). Media resentment. European Journal of Communication, 39(3), 245–258.
https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231241228961 - *Juarez Miro, C., & Anderson, J. (2024). Correcting false information: Journalistic coverage during the 2016 and 2020 US elections. Journalism Studies, 25(2), 218–236.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2293830 - *Kaiser, J., Vaccari, C., & Chadwick, A. (2022). Partisan blocking: Biased responses to shared misinformation contribute to network polarization on social media. Journal of Communication, 72(2), 214–240.
https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac002 - Kangas, O., & Kvist, J. (2018). Nordic welfare states. In B. Greve (Ed.), Routledge handbook of the welfare state (2nd ed.) (pp. 148–160). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315207049 - *Karlsson, M. (2020). Dispersing the opacity of transparency in journalism on the appeal of different forms of transparency to the general public. Journalism Studies, 21(13), 1795–1814.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1790028 - *Kim, B., & Jin, B. (2023). Ideological and economic influences on journalistic autonomy and cynicism: A moderating role of digital adaptation of news organizations. Journalism, 24(9), 2076–2094.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221095334 - *Knudsen, E., Dahlberg, S., Iversen, M. H., Johannesson, M. P., & Nygaard, S. (2022). How the public understands news media trust: An open-ended approach. Journalism, 23(11), 2347–2363.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211005892 - *Koivunen, A., & Vuorelma, J. (2022). Trust and authority in the age of mediatised politics. European Journal of Communication, 37(4), 393–408.
https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231211072653 - *Kyriakidou, M., Morani, M., Cushion, S., & Hughes, C. (2023). Audience understandings of disinformation: Navigating news media through a prism of pragmatic scepticism. Journalism, 24(11), 2379–2396.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221114244 - Ladd, J. M. (2012). Why Americans hate the media and how it matters. Princeton University Press.
- *Lee, E. H., Lee, T. (D.), & Lee, B.-K. (2022). Understanding the role of new media literacy in the diffusion of unverified information during the COVID-19 pandemic. New Media & Society, 26(9), 5195–5218.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221130955 - *Lee, E.-J., & Jang, J. (2023). How political identity and misinformation priming affect truth judgments and sharing intention of partisan news. Digital Journalism, 11(1), 226–245.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2163413 - *Li, J. (2023). Not all skepticism is “healthy” skepticism: Theorizing accuracy- and identity-motivated skepticism toward social media misinformation. New Media & Society, 27(1), 522–544.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231179941 - Luhmann, N. (2017). Trust and power (C. Morgner, & M. King, Eds.). Polity Press.
- *Lyons, B. A. (2022). Why we should rethink the third-person effect: Disentangling bias and earned confidence using behavioral data. Journal of Communication, 72(5), 565–577.
https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac021 - *Maddox, J. (2023). Micro-celebrities of information: Mapping calibrated expertise and knowledge influencers among social media veterinarians. Information, Communication & Society, 26(14), 2726–2752.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2109980 - *Markov, Č., & Min, Y. (2023). Unpacking public animosity toward professional journalism: A qualitative analysis of the differences between media distrust and cynicism. Journalism, 24(10), 2136–2154.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221122064 - *Martí-Danés, A., Besalú, R., Pont-Sorribes, C., & Gómez-Puertas, L. (2023). Analysis of news credibility in the digital press: Source types have a limited effect, while age, gender, and education are differential factors. Journalism, 25(12), 2582–2603.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849231215190 - *Martin, J. D., & Hassan, F. (2020). News media credibility ratings and perceptions of online fake news exposure in five countries. Journalism Studies, 21(16), 2215–2233.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1827970 - *Martin, J. D., Martins, R. J., & Naqvi, S. (2018). Media use predictors of online political efficacy among Internet users in five Arab countries. Information, Communication & Society, 21(1), 129–146.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1266375 - *Masullo, G. M., Tenenboim, O., & Lu, S. (2023). “Toxic atmosphere effect”: Uncivil online comments cue negative audience perceptions of news outlet credibility. Journalism, 24(1), 101–119.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211064001 - *Matthes, J. (2013). The affective underpinnings of hostile media perceptions: Exploring the distinct effects of affective and cognitive involvement. Communication Research, 40(3), 360–387.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211420255 - *Mesmer, K. R. (2023). Socializing students to accept hostility? How instructors talk about hostility in the journalism classroom. Journalism, 25(12), 2564–2581.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849231219099 - *Michailidou, A., & Trenz, H.-J. (2021). Rethinking journalism standards in the era of post-truth politics: From truth keepers to truth mediators. Media, Culture & Society, 43(7), 1340–1349.
https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437211040669 - *Molina, M. D., & Sundar, S. S. (2024). Does distrust in humans predict greater trust in AI? Role of individual differences in user responses to content moderation. New Media & Society, 26(6), 3638–3656.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221103534 - *Moran, R. E., & Nechushtai, E. (2023). Before reception: Trust in the news as infrastructure. Journalism, 24(3), 457–474.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211048961 - *Moreno-Almeida, C., & Banaji, S. (2019). Digital use and mistrust in the aftermath of the Arab Spring: Beyond narratives of liberation and disillusionment. Media, Culture & Society, 41(8), 1125–1141.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718823143 - Mudde, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190234874.001.0001 - *Nelson, J. L., & Lewis, S. C. (2023). Only “sheep” trust journalists? How citizens’ self-perceptions shape their approach to news. New Media & Society, 25(7), 1522–1541.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211018160 - *Neo, R. L. (2020). The limits of online consensus effects: A social affirmation theory of how aggregate online rating scores influence trust in factual corrections. Communication Research, 47(5), 771–792.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650218782823 - *Park, C. S. (2024). Why people rely on fact-checkers? Testing theses of “perceived severity of fake news” and “disappointment in news media”. Journalism Studies, 25(1), 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2289878 - *Park, S., Fisher, C., Fletcher, R., Tandoc, E., Dulleck, U., Fulton, J., Stepnik, A., & Yao, S. P. (2024). Exploring responses to mainstream news among heavy and non-news users: From high-effort pragmatic scepticism to low effort cynical disengagement. New Media & Society, 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241234916 - *Park, Y. J., Chung, J. E., & Kim, J. N. (2022). Social media, misinformation, and cultivation of informational mistrust: Cultivating Covid-19 mistrust. Journalism, 23(12), 2571–2590.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221085050 - *Parks, P. (2020). Toward a humanistic turn for a more ethical journalism. Journalism, 21(9), 1229–1245.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919894778 - *Pasitselska, O. (2022). Logics of exclusion: How Ukrainian audiences renegotiate propagandistic narratives in times of conflict. Political Communication, 39(4), 475–499.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2022.2047846 - *Pedersen, S., & Burnett, S. (2022). Women’s use and abuse of the news media during the COVID-19 pandemic on Mumsnet. Digital Journalism, 10(6), 1098–1114.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1967768 - *Peeters, M., & Maeseele, P. (2024). From sporadic sympathy to devoted skepticism: Alternative media use as an affective sense-making practice. Digital Journalism, 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2024.2312426 - *Pingree, R. J. (2011). Effects of unresolved factual disputes in the news on epistemic political efficacy. Journal of Communication, 61(1), 22–47.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01525.x - *Post, S., & Bienzeisler, N. (2024). The honest broker versus the epistocrat: Attenuating distrust in science by disentangling science from politics. Political Communication, 41(5), 763–785.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2024.2317274 - *Pyo, J. Y. (2024). Haters as anti-fans? Accruing capital through audiences who hate journalists. Digital Journalism, 12(6), 773–789.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2191331 - *Quick, B. L., Morgan, S. E., LaVoie, N. R., & Bosch, D. (2014). Grey’s anatomy viewing and organ donation attitude formation: Examining mediators bridging this relationship among African Americans, Caucasians, and Latinos. Communication Research, 41(5), 690–716.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650213475476 - Rekker, R. (2021). The nature and origins of political polarization over science. Public Understanding of Science, 30(4), 352–368.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662521989193 - *Riedl, A., & Eberl, J.-M. (2022). Audience expectations of journalism: What’s politics got to do with it? Journalism, 23(8), 1682–1699.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920976422 - *Robinson, S., Jensen, K., & Dávalos, C. (2021). “Listening literacies” as keys to rebuilding trust in journalism: A typology for a changing news audience. Journalism Studies, 22(9), 1219–1237.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1937677 - *Ross Arguedas, A. A., Badrinathan, S., Mont’Alverne, C., Toff, B., Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. K. (2022). “It’s a battle you are never going to win”: Perspectives from journalists in four countries on how digital media platforms undermine trust in news. Journalism Studies, 23(14), 1821–1840.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2112908 - *Sang, Y., Lee, J. Y., Park, S., Fisher, C., & Fuller, G. (2020). Signalling and expressive interaction: Online news users’ different modes of interaction on digital platforms. Digital Journalism, 8(4), 467–485.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1743194 - *Schwarzenegger, C. (2020). Personal epistemologies of the media: Selective criticality, pragmatic trust, and competence–confidence in navigating media repertoires in the digital age. New Media & Society, 22(2), 361–377.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819856919 - *Seçkin, G., Hughes, S., Campbell, P., & Lawson, M. (2021). In internet we trust: Intersectionality of distrust and patient non-adherence. Information, Communication & Society, 24(5), 751–771.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1874479 - *Shin, J., & Thorson, K. (2017). Partisan selective sharing: The biased diffusion of fact-checking messages on social media. Journal of Communication, 67(2), 233–255.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12284 - *Shin, W., Kim, C., & Joo, J. (2021). Hating journalism: Anti-press discourse and negative emotions toward journalism in Korea. Journalism, 22(5), 1239–1255.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920985729 - *Splendore, S., & Curini, L. (2020). Proximity between citizens and journalists as a determinant of trust in the media: An application to Italy. Journalism Studies, 21(9), 1167–1185.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1725601 - *Stecula, D. A., Motta, M., Kuru, O., & Jamieson, K. H. (2022). The great and powerful Dr. Oz? Alternative health media consumption and vaccine views in the United States. Journal of Communication, 72(3), 374–400.
https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac011 - *Suiter, J., & Fletcher, R. (2020). Polarization and partisanship: Key drivers of distrust in media old and new? European Journal of Communication, 35(5), 484–501.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323120903685 - *Szostek, J. (2018). News media repertoires and strategic narrative reception: A paradox of dis/belief in authoritarian Russia. New Media & Society, 20(1), 68–87.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816656638 - *Thurman, N., Moeller, J., Helberger, N., & Trilling, D. (2019). My friends, editors, algorithms, and I. Digital Journalism, 7(4), 447–469.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1493936 - *Tsai, J.-Y., Bosse, R., Sridharan, N., & Chadha, M. (2022). Reclaiming the narratives: Situated multidimensional representation of underserved Indigenous communities through citizen-driven reporting. Journalism, 23(10), 2132–2152.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920983261 - *Tsang, S. J. (2018). Empathy and the hostile media phenomenon. Journal of Communication, 68(4), 809–829.
https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy031 - *Tsfati, Y., & Cappella, J. N. (2003). Do people watch what they do not trust? Exploring the association between news media skepticism and exposure. Communication Research, 30(5), 504–529.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203253371 - *Tuomola, S., & Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2023). Emotion mobilisation through the imagery of people in Finnish-language right-wing alternative media. Digital Journalism, 11(1), 61–79.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2061551 - *van der Meer, T. G. L. A., Hameleers, M., & Ohme, J. (2023). Can fighting misinformation have a negative spillover effect? How warnings for the threat of misinformation can decrease general news credibility. Journalism Studies, 24(6), 803–823.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2187652 - *Vanhaeght, A.-S. (2018). The need for not more, but more socially relevant audience participation in public service media. Media, Culture & Society, 41(1), 120–137.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718798898 - *van Krieken, K. (2020). Do reconstructive and attributive quotes in news narratives influence engagement, credibility and realism? Journalism Studies, 21(2), 145–161.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2019.1632735 - *van Zoonen, L. (2012). I-pistemology: Changing truth claims in popular and political culture. European Journal of Communication, 27(1), 56–67.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323112438808 - *Vermeer, S., Kruikemeier, S., Trilling, D., & de Vreese, C. (2022). Using panel data to study political interest, news media trust, and news media use in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journalism Studies, 23(5-6), 740–760.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.2017790 - *Vraga, E. K., & Tully, M. (2021). News literacy, social media behaviors, and skepticism toward information on social media. Information, Communication & Society, 24(2), 150–166.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1637445 - *Wagner, M. C., & Boczkowski, P. J. (2019). The reception of fake news: The interpretations and practices that shape the consumption of perceived misinformation. Digital Journalism, 7(7), 870–885.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1653208 - *Wagnsson, C. (2023). The paperboys of Russian messaging: RT/Sputnik audiences as vehicles for malign information influence. Information, Communication & Society, 26(9), 1849–1867.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2041700 - *Wenzel, A. (2020). Red state, purple town: Polarized communities and local journalism in rural and small-town Kentucky. Journalism, 21(4), 557–573.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918783949 - *Wu, A. X. (2018). Brainwashing paranoia and lay media theories in China: The phenomenological dimension of media use (and the self) in digital environments. Media, Culture & Society, 40(6), 909–926.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717734409 - *Yamamoto, M., Jo, H., & Ran, W. (2022). Anti-media expression by citizens: Conservative summary sites, hostile media perceptions, and media trust in Japan. Information, Communication & Society, 25(13), 1952–1968.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1907436 - *Yamamoto, M., Lee, T.-T., & Ran, W. (2016). Media trust in a community context: A multilevel analysis of individual- and prefecture-level sources of media trust in Japan. Communication Research, 43(1), 131–154.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650214565894 - *Zimdars, M., Cullinan, M. E., & Na, K. (2023). Alternative health groups on social media, misinformation, and the (de)stabilization of ontological security. New Media & Society, 26(10), 6059–6076.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221146171 - *Zimmermann, F., & Kohring, M. (2020). Mistrust, disinforming news, and vote choice: A panel survey on the origins and consequences of believing disinformation in the 2017 German parliamentary election. Political Communication, 37(2), 215–237.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1686095
