References
- Associated Press. (2023). Visuals. Code of Ethics for Photojournalists. Retrieved May 24, 2022, from www.ap.org/about/news-values-and-principles/telling-the-story/visuals
- Atarah, L. (2012, March 5). Freelancers take on giant publisher. The Union of Journalists in Finland. https://journalistiliitto.fi/en/freelancers-take-on-giant-publisher/
- Berkowitz, D. (2020). Reporters and their sources. In K. Wahl-Jorgensen, & T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), The handbook of journalism studies (2nd ed.) (pp. 165–179). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315167497
- Calain, P. (2013). Ethics and images of suffering bodies in humanitarian medicine. Social Science & Medicine, 98, 278–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.06.027
- Carlson, M. (2009). The reality of a fake image: News norms, photojournalistic craft and Brian Walski's fabricated photograph, Journalism Practice, 3(2), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780802681140
- Chouliaraki, L. (2010). Post-humanitarianism: Humanitarian communication beyond a politics of pity. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 13(2), 107–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877909356720
- Chouliaraki, L., & Vestergaard, A. (2021). Routledge handbook of humanitarian communication. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315363493
- Chouliaraki, L. (2013). The ironic spectator: Solidarity in the age of post-humanitarianism. Polity Press.
- Concord. (2012). Code of conduct on images and messages 2006. European NGO confederation for relief and development. https://concordeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/DEEEP-BOOK-2014-113.pdf
- Cottle, S., & Nolan, D. (2007). Global humanitarianism and the changing aid-media field: “Everyone was dying for footage.” Journalism Studies, 8(6), 862–878. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700701556104
- Dencik, L., & Allan, S. (2017). In/visible conflicts: NGOs and the visual politics of humanitarian photography. Media, Culture & Society, 39(8), 1178–1193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717726865
- Dóchas. (2021). The illustrated guide to the Dóchas code of conduct on images and messages. www.dochas.ie/resources/communications-pe/code-of-conduct-on-images-and-messages/
- Dogra, N. (2007). ‘Reading NGOs visually’ – Implications of visual images for NGO management. Journal of International Development, 19(2), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1307
- Fehrenbach, H., & Rodogno, D. (Eds.). (2015a). Humanitarian photography: A history. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107587694
- Fehrenbach, H., & Rodogno, D. (2015b). ‘A horrific photo of a drowned Syrian child’: Humanitarian photography and NGO media strategies in historical perspective. International Review of the Red Cross, 97(900), 1121–1155. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383116000369
- Ferrucci, P., Taylor, R., & Alaimo, K. (2020). On the boundaries: Professional photojournalists navigating identity in an age of technological democratization. Digital Journalism, 8(3), 367–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1732830
- Gürsel, Z. D. (2016). Image brokers: Visualizing world news in the age of digital circulation. University of California Press.
- Gynnild, A., Nilsson, M., Simonsen, A. H., & Weselius, H. (Eds.). (2017). Introduction: Photojournalism and editorial processes. Nordicom Review, 32(S2). https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0410
- Hadland, A., Campbell, D., & Lambert, P. (2015). State of news photography: Lives and livelihoods of photojournalists in the digital age. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford; World Press Photo. https://www.worldpressphoto.org/getmedia/da4e7234-9f18-4036-8320-9397bf70cd89/The-State-of-News-Photography.pdf
- ICRC. (2020). The fundamental principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement [Flyer]. https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/4046-fundamental-principles-international-red-cross-and-red-crescent-movement
- Joyce, D. (2010) Photography and the image-making of international justice. Law and Humanities, 4(2), 229–249. https://doi.org/10.5235/175214810793153896
- Kotilainen, N. (2016). Visual theaters of suffering: Constituting the Western spectator in the age of the humanitarian world politics. University of Helsinki.
- Lang, S. (2013). NGOs, civil society and the public sphere. Cambridge University Press.
- Lehmuskallio, A., Häkkinen, J., & Seppänen, J. (2019). Photorealistic computer-generated images are difficult to distinguish from digital photographs: A case study with professional photographers and photo-editors. Visual Communication, 18(4), 427–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357218759
- Lowrey, W. (2003). Normative conflict in the newsroom: The case of digital photo manipulation. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 18(2), 123–42. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327728JMME1802_05
- Manzo, K. (2008). Imaging humanitarianism: NGO identity and the iconography of childhood. Antipode, 40(4), 632–657. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2008.00627.x
- Miller, K. C., & Dahmen, N. (2020). “This is still their lives”: Photojournalists’ ethical approach to capturing and publishing graphic or shocking images. Journal of Media Ethics, 35(1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2020.1731313
- Morse, T. (2014). Covering the dead: Death images in Israeli newspapers’ ethics and praxis. Journalism Studies, 15(1), 98–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2013.783295
- Mortensen, T. M. (2014). Blurry and centered or clear and balanced? Citizen photojournalists and professional photojournalists’ understanding of each other's visual values. Journalism Practice, 8(6), 704–725. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.892703
- Mäenpää, J. (2022). Distributing ethics: Filtering images of death at three news photo desks. Journalism, 23(10), 2230–2248. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884921996308
- Mäenpää, J. (2023). Photojournalists as NGO advocates: Balancing between two realities. In D. Lilleker, & A. Veneti (Eds.), Research handbook on visual politics (pp. 381–394). Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Mäenpää, J., & Seppänen, J. (2010). Imaginary darkroom: Digital photo editing as a strategic ritual. Journalism Practice, 4(4), 454–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512781003760501
- NGDO-EU Liaison Committee. (1989). Code of conduct: Images and messages relating to the third world. Produced by the General Assembly of the Liaison Committee of Development NGOs to the European Communities. www.imaging-famine.org/papers/CODE_OF_CONDUCT_on%20Images_and_Messages_1989.pdf
- Nissinen, S. (2015). Dilemmas of ethical practice in the production of contemporary humanitarian photography. In H. Fehrenbach, & D. Rodogno (Eds.), Humanitarian photography: A history (pp. 297–318). Cambridge University Press.
- Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
- Powers, M. (2015). Contemporary NGO–journalist relations: Reviewing and evaluating an emergent area of research. Sociology Compass, 9(6), 427–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12267
- Powers, M. (2016). The new boots on the ground: NGOs in the changing landscape of international news. Journalism, 17(4), 401–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488491456
- Powers, M. (2018). NGOs as newsmakers: The changing landscape of international news. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/powe18492
- Radley, A., & Kennedy, M. (1997). Picturing need: Images of overseas aid and interpretations of cultural difference. Culture & Psychology, 3(4), 435–460. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X9734001
- Reaves, S. (1992). What's wrong with this picture? Daily newspaper photo editors’ attitudes and their tolerance toward digital manipulation. Newspaper Research Journal, 13(4), 131.
- Roscho, B. (1999). Newsmaking. In H. Tumber (Ed.), News: A reader (pp. 32–36). Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1975)
- Schwartz, D. (1992). To tell the truth: Codes of objectivity in photojournalism. Gordon and Breach.
- Scott, M., Wright, K., & Bunce, M. (2021). The politics of humanitarian journalism. In L. Chouliaraki, & A. Vestergaard (Eds.), Routledge handbook of humanitarian communication (pp. 203–219). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315363493-13
- Shore, R. (2014). Post-photography: The artist with a camera. Laurence King.
- Society of professional journalists. (2014, September 6). SPJ code of ethics. https://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp
- Sontag, S. (2005). On photography (1st electronic ed.). RosettaBooks. (Original work published 1973)
- Thomson, T. J. (2018). Freelance photojournalists and photo editors. Journalism Studies, 19(6), 803–823. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1215851
- Thrall, A. T., Stecula, D., & Sweet, D. (2014). May we have your attention please? Human-rights NGOs and the problem of global communication. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 19(2), 135–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161213519132
- Waisbord, S. (2011). Can NGOs change the news? International Journal of Communication, 5, 142–165. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/787
- Wheeler, T. H. (2002). Phototruth or photofiction? Ethics and media imagery in the digital age. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- World Press Photo. (2022). 2022 Contest verification process: What counts as manipulation. www.worldpressphoto.org/contest/2022/verification-process/what-counts-as-manipulation
- Yaschur, C. (2012). Shooting the shooter: How experience level affects photojournalistic coverage of a breaking news event. Visual Communication Quarterly, 19(3), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/15551393.2012.706575
- Yle News. (2009, May 13). Pro-copyright demonstration in Helsinki. https://yle.fi/news/3-5251005