Particularities of media systems in the West Nordic countries
References
- Ackrén, M. (2015). The political parties in Greenland and their development. In E. M. Belser, A. Fang-Bär, N. Massüger, & R. O. Pillai (Eds.), States falling apart? Secessionist and autonomy movements in Europe (pp. 317–335). Bern: Stämpfli Verlag.
- Ackrén, M. (2019). Självständighetstanken i Grönland – fiktion eller verklighet? [The Idea of Independence in Greenland – Fiction or Reality?] Politica, 51(4), 469–484.
- Ackrén M., & Lindström B. (2013). Autonomy development, irredentism and secessionism in a Nordic context. In E. Hepburn, & G. Baldacchino (Eds.), Independence movements in subnational island jurisdictions (pp. 100–117). Abingdon: Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315541228 - Andreassen, E. (1992). Folkelig offentlighed: En undersøgelse af kulturelle former på Færøerne i 100 år [The public sphere: A study of cultural forms in the Faroes for 100 years]. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum.
- Axelsson, K., & Gylfadóttir E. Ý. (2015). Mikilvægi faglegrar blaða- og fréttamennsku og hugleiðingar um þaðaðhald sem henni er veitt [Importance of professional journalism]. Lögrétta, 11(1): 46–119.
- Bakker, P. (2013). The life cycle of a free newspaper business model in newspaper-rich markets. Journalistica (1), 33–51.
- Brüggemann, M., Engesser S., Büchel F., Humprecht E., & Castro L. (2014). Hallin and Mancini revisited: Four empirical types of western media systems. Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1037–1065.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12127 - Dalsgarð, A. Ó. (2002). Føroysk blaðsøga 1852–2002 [Faroese newspaper history 1852–2002]. Vestmanna: Sprotin.
- Doyle, G. (2002). Media ownership: The economics and politics of convergence and concentration in the UK and European media. London: Sage.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446219942 - Flew, T., & Waisbord S. (2015). The ongoing significance of national media systems in the context of media globalization. Media, Culture & Society, 37(4), 620–636.
- Friðriksson, G. (2000). Nýjustu fréttir! Saga fjölmiðlunar á Íslandi frá upphafi til vorra daga [Latest News! The History of the Media in Iceland to the Present]. Reykjavik: Iðunn.
- Føroysk Miðlafólk. (2017). Miðlar og miðlafólk í Føroyum – ein støðulýsing anno 2017. [Media and journalists in the Faroe Islands – a status report in 2017]. [Unpublished report]. Faroe Islands Journalists’ Union.
- Gallup. (2020). Topplisti innlend umferð – vika 33, 2020 [Top list – traffic on domestic websites – week 33, 2020].
http://topplistar.gallup.is/ - Goetschel, L. (1998). The foreign and security policy interests of small states in today’s Europe. In L. Goetschel (Ed.), Small states inside and outside the European Union: Interests and politics (pp. 13–32). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Grímsson, Ó. R. (1978). Peripheries and nationalism: The Faroes and Greenland. Scandinavian Political Studies, 1(4), 315–327.
- Guðmundsson, B. (2012). The journalist union and the Icelandic media condition: An overview. Reykjavík: Blaðamannafélag Íslands.
https://www.press.is/static/files/Utgefidefni/baeklingur2.pdf - Guðmundsson, B. (2015). Sjálfsritskoðun íslenskra blaðamanna [Self-censorship among Icelandic Journalists]. Stjórnmál og stjórnsýsla, 11(1), 55–70.
- Guðmundsson, B. (2018). Media in a microstate. In G. Baruchello, J. T. Kristjánsson, K. M. Jóhannsdóttir, & S. Ingimarsson (Eds.), No one is an island: An Icelandic perspective (pp. 25–39). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Guðmundsson, B., & Kristinsson S. (2019). Journalistic professionalism in Iceland: A framework for analysis and an assessment. Journalism, 20(12), 1684–1703.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917695416 - Hallin, D. C., & Mancini P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790867 - Hardarson, Ó. T. (2008). Media and politics in Iceland. In J. Strömbäck, M. Ørsten, & T. Aalberg (Eds.), Communicating politics: Political communication in the Nordic countries (pp. 63–82). Gothenburg: Nordicom, University of Gothenburg.
- Humphreys, P. J. (1996). Mass media and media policy in western Europe. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Humphreys, P. J. (2012). A political scientist’s contribution to the comparative study of media systems in Europe: A response to Hallin and Mancini. In N. Just, & M. Puppis (Eds.), Trends in communications policy research: New theories, methods and subjects (pp. 157–176). Bristol: Intellect.
- Hussain, N. (2018). Journalistik i små samfund: Et Studie af journalistisk praksis på grønlandske nyhedsmedier [Journalism in small societies: A study of journalistic practice in Greenlandic news media] [Doctoral dissertation, Roskilde University, Denmark].
- Hängi, H. (1998). Small state as a third state: Switzerland and Asia-Europe interregionalism. In L. Goetschel (Ed.), Small states inside and outside the European Union: Interests and politics (pp. 79–96). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Jóhannsdóttir, V. (2019). The state of news media in Iceland in the beginning of the 21st century. [Doctoral dissertation, Doctoral School of Communication and Arts, Roskilde University, Denmark].
- Jóhannsdóttir, V. (2020). Commercialization in the IcelandicpPress: An analysis of hard and soft news in major print and online media in Iceland in times of change. Journalism, 21(11), 1762–1778.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918768494 - Jóhannsdóttir, V., & Ólafsson, J. G. (2018). The Icelandic media in times of crisis and change. Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration, 14(special issue), 189–201.
- Karlsson, R. (2004). Iceland: Mapping the newspaper market 1980–2003. In B. Schneider, & W. Schütz (Eds.), Europäishe Pressemärkte [European Press Markets] [Special issue of Relation, n.s. 1] (pp. 223–263). Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences.
- Karlsson, R. (Ed.). (2008). Media and communication statistics: Faroe Islands and Greenland 2008. Gothenburg: Nordicom, University of Gothenburg.
- Karlsson, R., & Broddason Þ. (2010). Television in Iceland or Icelandic television? In Þ. Broddason, U. Kivikuru, B. Tufte et al. (Eds.), Norden och världen: Perspektiv från forskningen om medier och kommunikation [The Nordic countries and the world: Perspectives from research on media and communication] (pp. 221–237). Gothenburg: Nordicom, University of Gothenburg.
- Karlsson, R., & Broddason Þ. (2018). Íslenska fjölmiðlakerfið. Þróun og sérkenni [The Icelandic media system: Its development and characteristics]. In V. Árnason, & H. A. Henrysson (Eds.), Íslenskt lýðræði: Starfsvenjur, gildi og skilningur [Icelandic democracy: Practices, norms, and understanding] (pp. 171–211). Reykjavík: Háskólaútgáfan and Siðfræðistofnun.
- Katz, E., & Wedell, G. (1977). Broadcasting in the third world: Promises and performance. Harvard, Massa¬chusetts: Harvard University Press.
- Katzenstein, P. J. (1985). Small states in world markets: Industrial policy in Europe. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
- KNR. (2020). Seer-og lytterundersøgelse [Radio and television audience survey].
https://knr.gl/files/knr_seer_og_lytterundersogelse_rapport_2019_29012019.pdf - Kohn, M. L. (1989). Introduction. In M. L. Kohn (Ed.), Cross-national research in sociology (pp. 17–31). Newbury Park, California: Sage.
- Kolbeins, G. H. (2012). Siðferði og starfshættir íslenskra blaða- og fréttamanna [Ethics and practice of Icelandic journalists]. In S. Eggertsson, & Á. G. Ásgeirsdóttir (Eds.), Þjóðarspegillinn 2012: Rannsóknir í félagsvísindum XIII [Research in the Social Sciences XIII] (p. 14). Reykjavík: Félagsvíndastofnun Háskóla Íslands.
http://hdl.handle.net/1946/13328 - Krarup, P. (2017, February 23). Frie medier er i alles intresse – også maghavernes [Free media are in everyone’s interest – including those in power]. Nordisk Journalistcenter.
https://njc.dk/article/frie-medieralles-interesse-ogsaa-magthavernes/ - Kristensen, M. B., Smed, L. S., & Hansen, T. T. (2020). Integritetsstudie – Grønland, rapportudkast [Integrity study – Greenland, draft report]. Nordic Consulting Group.
- Kristinsson, G. H. (2012). Party patronage in Iceland: Rewards and control appointments. In P. Kopecký, P. Mair, & M. Spirova (Eds.), Party patronage and party government in European democracies (pp. 186–205). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- KvF (2018). Public service frágreiðing 2018 [Public service annual report 2018]. Tórshavn, Faroe Islands: Kringvarp Føroya.
https://kvf.fo/sites/default/files/KVF_ARSFRAGREIDING_2018_Vev.pdf - Inatsisiliorneq Lovgivning. (2004f). Landstingsforordning nr. 6, 2004 om radio- og tv-virksomhed [Regulation on Radio and Television].
http://lovgivning.gl/lov?rid={6150FA45-BB7A-4A4E-B7EE-AEF-593C19C83} - Livingstone, S. (2003). On the challenges of cross-national comparative media research. European Journal of Communications, 18(4), 477–500.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323103184003 - Lóður. (2017). Media consumption in the Faroe Islands [Unpublished report].
- National Parliament of Iceland. (2013). Lög um Ríkisútvarpið, fjölmiðil í almannaþágu, nr. 23, 2013 [Laws on Public Broadcasting Service].
https://www.althingi.is/lagas/nuna/2013023.html - Faroese Law-Site. (2006). Løgtingslóg nr. 61, 2006 um kringvarp, sum seinast broytt við løgtingslóg nr. 163 frá 24. desember 2015 [Broadcasting Laws].
https://logir.fo/Logtingslog/61-fra-16-05-2006-um-kring-varp-sum-broytt-vid-logtingslog-nr-48-fra-26-mai - Faroese Law-Site. (2017). Løgtingslóg nr. 35, 2017 um miðlastuðul [Laws on media subsidies].
https://www.logir.fo/Logtingslog/35-fra-31-03-2017-midlastudul - Loukacheva, N. (2007). The Arctic promise: Legal and political autonomy of Greenland and Nunavut. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Lowe, G. F. & Nissen C. S. (Eds.). (2011a). Small among giants: Television broadcasting in smaller countries. Gothenburg: Nordicom, University of Gothenburg.
- Lowe, G. F., Berg C. E., & Nissen C. S. (2011b). Size matters for TV broadcasting policy. In G. F. Lowe, & C. S. Nissen (Eds.), Small among giants: Television broadcasting in smaller countries (pp. 21–42). Gothenburg: Nordicom, University of Gothenburg.
- Lund, A. B. (2005). Mediemagt i Norden – et komparativt perspektiv [Media power in the Nordic countries: A comparative perspective]. Nordisk kulturpolitisk tidskrift, 2(1), 203–227.
- Lund, A. B. (2007). Media markets in Scandinavia: Political economy aspects of convergence and divergence. Nordicom Review, (Jubliee Issue), 121–134.
- Mattoni, A., & Ceccobelli D. (2018). Comparing hybrid media systems in the digital age: A theoretical framework for analysis. European Journal of Communication, 33(5), 540–557.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118784831 - Meier, W. A., & Trappel, J. (1992). Small states in the shadow of giants. In K. Siune, & W. Treutzchler (Eds.), Dynamics of media politics: Broadcast and electronic media in western Europe (pp. 129–142). London: Sage.
- Menntamálaráðuneytið. (2019). Fjölmiðlafrumvarp lagt fram á Alþingi [Media bill submitted in the Parliament].
https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2019/05/20/Fjolmidlafrumvarp-lagtfram-a-Althingi/ - Moe, H., & Mjøs, O. J. (2013). The arm’s length principle in Nordic public broadcasting regulation. In U. Carlsson (Ed.), Public service media from a Nordic horizon: Politics, Markets, programming and users (pp. 75–92). Gothenburg: Nordicom, University of Gothenburg.
- Nechushtai, E. (2018). From liberal to polarized liberal? Contemporary U.S. news in Hallin and Mancini’s typology of news systems. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(2), 183–201.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218771902 - Noam, E. (1991). Television in Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Nord, L. (2008). Comparing Nordic media systems: North between west and east? Central European Journal of Communication, 1(1), 95–110.
- Nordicom. (n.d.-a). Radio channel audience shares 2000, 2005–2019.
https://www.nordicom.gu.se/sv/statistik-fakta/mediestatistik - Nordicom. (n.d.-b). Public service TV audience shares 2000–2019.
https://www.nordicom.gu.se/sv/statistik-fakta/mediestatistik - Nordicom. (2019). Greenland: Highest media consumption in the Nordic region.
https://www.nordicom.gu.se/en/latest/news/greenland-highest-media-consumption-nordic-region - Nordicom. (2020). Newspaper circulation per thousand inhabitants 2000–2017.
https://www.nordicom.gu.se/en/statistics-facts/media-statistics - Ohlsson, J. (2015). The Nordic media market 2015. Gothenburg: Nordicom, University of Gothenburg.
- Ohlsson, J., & Facht, U. (2017). Ad wars: Digital challenges for ad-financed news media in the Nordic countries. Gothenburg: Nordicom, University of Gothenburg.
- Paulsen, N., Ravn-Højgaard S., Simonsen, M., Hussain N., & Willig I. (2018). Tusagassiuutit 2018 – en kortlægning af de grønlandske medier [Media 2018: Mapping Greenlandic media]. Nuuk: Ilisimatusarfik University of Greenland.
https://uni.gl/media/4352533/dktusagassiuutit2018rapport.pdf - Poulsen, J. (1980). TV – og den færøske kulturs fremtid [Television and future of the Faroese culture]. Tórshavn, Faroe Islands/Aalborg, Denmark: Faroese Scientific Society/Aalborg University Press.
- Poulsen, J. (1995). Denmark: From community radio to regional television. In C. Garitaonandia, & M. de Moragas Spà (Eds.), Decentralization in the global era: Television in the regions, nationalities and small countries of the European Union (pp. 35–41). London: John Libbey.
- Puppis, M. (2009). Introduction: Media regulation in small states. International Communication Gazette, 71(1–2), 7–17.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048508097927 - Rask, J. (2017). Frygt fører til selvcensur og dårlig journalistik [Fear leads to self-censorship and bad journalism].
https://njc.dk/frygt-foerer-selvcensur-daarlig-journalistisk/ - Ravn-Højgaard, S. (2019). Medier og selvstændighed i Grønland [Media and independence in Greenland]. Politik, 22(1), 67–83.
https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v22i1.114841 - Rygaard, J. (2016). KNR – lille tv station blandt giganter: Udfordringer for TV og public service i Grønland [KNR – A small TV station among giants: Challenges for TV and public service in Greenland]. In J. Fink, K. G. Hansen, & O. Marquaardt (Eds.), Grønland i tal: Kilder og cases gennem 300 år [Greenland in numbers: Sources and cases through 300 years] (pp.173–189). Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press.
- RÚV. (2019). Ársskýrsla RÚV 2019 [RUV’s annual report 2019]. Reykjavík: Ríkisútvarpið.
https://www.ruv.is/arsskyrsla/ - Statistics Faroe Islands. (n.d.). Books and newspapers.
https://beta.hagstova.fo/en/society/culture-and-religion/books-and-newspapers - Statistics Iceland. (n.d.). Media – Statistics.
https://statice.is/statistics/society/media/media/ - Stenbaek, M. A. (1992). Mass media in Greenland: Politics of survival. In S. H. Riggins (Ed.), Ethnic minority media: An international perspective (pp. 44–62). Newbury Park, California: Sage.
- Strömbäck, J., Ørsten, M., & Aalberg, T. (2008). Political communication in the Nordic countries: An introduction. In J. Strömbäck, M. Ørsten, & T. Aalberg (Eds.), Communicating politics: Political communication in the Nordic countries (pp. 11–24). Gothenburg: Nordicom, University of Gothenburg.
- Syvertsen, T., Enli, G., Mjøs, O. J., & Moe, H. (2014). The media welfare state: Nordic media in the digital era. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
https://www.doi.org/10.3998/nmw.12367206.0001.001 - The World Bank. (n.d.). World Bank open data.
https://data.worldbank.org/ - Thomsen, N., & Søllinge, J. D. (1991). De danske aviser 1634–1991, vol. 3: 1918–1991. Copenhagen: Dagspressens Fond/Odense University Press.
- Thorhallsson, B. (2018). Studying small states: A review. Small States and Territories, 1(1), 17–34.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414014554687 - Trappel, J. (1991). Born losers or flexible adjustment? The media policy dilemma of small states. European Journal of Communications, 6(3), 355–371.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323191006003006 - Trappel, J. (2014). Small states and European media policy. In K. Donders, C. Pauwels, & J. Loisen (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of European media policy (pp. 239–253). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137032195 - Veenendaal, W. (2015). Politics and democracy in microstates. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Vikør, L. S. (2000). Northern Europe: Languages as prime markers of ethnic and national identity. In S. Barbour, & C. Carmichael (Eds.), Language and nationalism in Europe (pp. 105–129). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Wang, Z. (1989). Stjórnmálafrødi [Political science]. Hoyvík, Faroe Islands: Stíðin.
- Wang, Z. (1999). Føroyar á vegamóti [The Faroes at a crossroads]. Hoyvík, Faroe Islands: Stíðin.
- Weibull, L. (2007). The northern European/democratic corporatist media model countries: Introduction. In G. Terzis (Ed.), European media governance: National and regional dimensions (pp. 55–62). Bristol: Intellect.
- Weihe, L. (2017). Den sorte varevogn [The black van]. In P. Lundgren, M. B. Bjerregård, & O. R. Jensen (Eds.), Den svåra yttrandefriheten: Nordiska roster [The difficult freedom of expression: Nordic voices] (pp. 8–15). Copenhagen: Nordic Council.
https://doi.org/10.6027/anp2017-727 - Winther, G. (Ed.). (2004). Demokrati og magt i Grønland [Democracy and power in Greenland]. Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press.
- Witschge, T., Anderson, C. W., Domingo, D., & Hermida A. (2016). Introduction. In T. Witschge, C. W. Anderson, D. Domingo, & A. Hermida (Eds), The Sage handbook of digital journalism (pp. 1–4). London: Sage.
- Ørberg, E. (1984). Avisnarkomanien på Færøerne [Newspaper addiction in the Faroes]. Pressens Årbog, 23(1), 44–49.
- Þorláksson, B. (2015). Mannorðsmorðingjar? Félagslegar og persónulegar pælingar um stöðu fjölmiðlunar á Íslandi [Reputation murderers? Social and personal thoughts on the media situation in Iceland]. Reykjavík: Salka.
Language: English
Page range: 102 - 123
Published on: Mar 26, 2021
Published by: University of Gothenburg Nordicom
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2021 Signe Ravn-Højgaard, Valgerður Jóhannsdóttir, Ragnar Karlsson, Rógvi Olavson, Heini í Skorini, published by University of Gothenburg Nordicom
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.