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Walking the line of the double bind: A cross-country comparison on women and men politicians’ self-presentations on social media Cover

Walking the line of the double bind: A cross-country comparison on women and men politicians’ self-presentations on social media

Open Access
|Sep 2024

Figures & Tables

FIGURE 1

Referrals to professional competence (per cent)
Referrals to professional competence (per cent)

FIGURE 2

Referral to home and family (per cent)
Referral to home and family (per cent)

FIGURE 3

Referral to personal preferences (per cent)
Referral to personal preferences (per cent)

FIGURE 4

Display of image type “private background story” (per cent)
Display of image type “private background story” (per cent)

FIGURE 5

Gender issue ownership (per cent)Comments: The size of the squares and triangles indicates the number of posts, with the smallest representing approx. 30, mid-sized representing approx. 60, and the largest representing approx. 90. Reading example: The “male” issue economy/finance (to be found in the two lower panels) was addressed more often by men (represented by squares) than by women (represented by triangles) politicians on both Facebook (represented by black squares/triangles) and Instagram (represented by orange squares/triangles). This applies to both Germany (left panel) and Norway (right panel).
Gender issue ownership (per cent)Comments: The size of the squares and triangles indicates the number of posts, with the smallest representing approx. 30, mid-sized representing approx. 60, and the largest representing approx. 90. Reading example: The “male” issue economy/finance (to be found in the two lower panels) was addressed more often by men (represented by squares) than by women (represented by triangles) politicians on both Facebook (represented by black squares/triangles) and Instagram (represented by orange squares/triangles). This applies to both Germany (left panel) and Norway (right panel).

Overview of the sample (number of coded posts)

CandidatesParty IdeologyaFacebook (n)Instagram (n)Both platforms(n)
Germany: female candidates (n= 3)Alice Weidel (AfD)Right-wing populist541064
Annalena Baerbock (Greens)Green424789
Janine Wissler (Die Linke)Socialist514899
Total147105252
Germany: male candidates (n= 6)Alexander Dobrindt (CSU)Conservative37n.a.b37
Armin Laschet (CDU)Conservative7654130
Christian Lindner (FDP)Liberal395089
Dietmar Bartsch (Die Linke)Socialist67n.a.b67
Olaf Scholz (SPD)Social democratic7568143
Tino Chrupalla (AfD)Right-wing populist622890
Total356200556
Germany: all candidates (n= 9)503305808
Norway: female candidates (n= 4)Erna Solberg (H)Conservative-liberal371876
Guri Melby (V)Liberal451598
Sylvi Listhaug (FrP)Right-wing (populist)474390
Une Bastholm (MDG)Green201747
Total14993311
Norway: male candidates (n= 5)Audun Lysbakken (SV)Socialist6099291
Bjørnar Moxnes (R)Socialist10850200
Jonas Gahr Støre (AP)Social democratic35746
Kjell Ingolf Ropstad (KrF)Christian13720
Trygve Slagsvold Vedum (SP)Rural1919
Total235163576
Norway: all candidates (n= 9)384256887
Germany + Norway: all female candidates (n= 7) 296198494
Germany + Norway: all male candidates (n= 11) 591363954
Germany + Norway: all candidates (n= 18) 8875611,448

Indicators of gender equality in Germany and Norway

GermanyNorway
General: structuresPercentage of Global Gender Gap closed (2023)a81.5%87.9%
Statutory parental leave/benefits received by women (2022)b74.8%56.9%
General: gender norms
  • Gender social norms index: People with zero biases among seven gender-related indicators

  • (Germany: 2017–2022; Norway: 2005–2009)c

63%59%
Gender norm: Agreement/disagreement with statement “Men should have more right to job than women when jobs are scarce.” (2016)d
  • Agree: 7%

  • Neither agree nor disagree: 16%

  • Disagree: 77%

  • Agree: 2%

  • Neither agree nor disagree: 3%

  • Disagree: 95%

PoliticsGlobal Gender Gap Index - subdimension Political Empowerment (2023)a.634.765
Women heads of government (until 2021)eAngela Merkel (2005–2021)
  • Gro Harlem Brundtland (1981; 1986–1989; 1990–1996)

  • Erna Solberg (2013–2021)

Women cabinet ministers (2023)f50%50%
Women in parliament (2023)f35.1%46.2%
Frontrunners/party leaders in the 2021 national election4 out of 5 (80%)3 out of 9 (34%)
EconomyGender pay gap (difference in gross hourly earnings between women and men) (2022)g17.7%14.4%
Women/men in part-time jobs (2023)h
  • Women: 48.3%

  • Men: 11.4%

  • Women: 32.9%

  • Men: 15.6%

Women employed in senior and middle management (2022)i27%32%

Use of Facebook and Instagram in Germany and Norway by gender and age (per cent)

GermanyNorway
FacebookInstagramFacebookInstagram
GenderFemale46328158
Male42276937
Age18–2430676966
25–3450517057
35–4449347854
45–5442237948
55+44157735
Total 44297548

Category descriptions and reliability

Category nameDescriptionExamplesBP kappa (Germany)Holsti (Germany)BP kappa (Norway)Holsti (Norway)
personal_procompProfessional competence: Here, we code if the text in the post includes referrals to the candidate’s career as an indication of his/her performance and competence.description of political career; official positions of politicians; political achievements; education..784.894.897.949
personal_homeHome and family: Here, we code if the text in the post deals with the candidate’s personal relationships or life at home.mentions of the parental or marital role, children, spouse, parents; relaxing or cooking dinner at home or at a holiday home; walking a dog.NA1.00.949.974
personal_prefPersonal preferences: The text discloses a candidate’s personal inclinations regarding cultural and other phenomena such as literature, television, sports or by portraying the politician as a ‘passionate music lover’.referrals to recreational activities (e.g., skiing), sporting events, cultural events, the weather, nature, birthdays or holidays, food preferences (e.g., being a vegetarian)..968.986.889.944
image190Private background story: The image/video shows politicians in a private context (e.g., with their partner or children), discusses their interests and hobbies or depicts their childhood/development with so-called “throwback” images. The image/video is about the person in the private context or private things of the person.Coffee cup on a table.920.964.893.946
topic310Economy and financethe European crisis, austerity measures, trade agreements, protectionism, customs duties, taxes, tax system, national debt, budget, budgetary policy, agriculture and forestry, enterprise policy, consumer protection.752.887.810.905
topic321Healthhealth insurance, lack of personnel in the care sector, pandemic.960.981.829.914
topic325Policy for families and childrenchildcare, youth policy, policies such as child-care allowance, parental allowance, protection against dismissal for expectant mothers, child-care places, tax incentives for parents.984.992.943.971
topic320Labour and social issuespensions, rents, wages, working hours, labour market, skilled workers, social policy, pension policy, welfare state.800.906.867.933
topic331Criminality/crime rate in generalother internal security issues such as crime, police operations, video surveillance, etc. are addressed. NOT: crimes of asylum seekers, refugees, or other immigrants. These should be coded under topic340.896.953.981.990
topic332Political radicalism/religious fanaticismpolicy measures against right/left-wing extremism, Islamism, National Socialism.888.948.990.995
topic333Corruptionpolicy measures against corruption, corruption problem in general *accusations of corruption against a public authority of the state should be classified into “type of attack”.968.985NA1.00
topic330Domestic policypublic safety and order, internal security, legal policy.808.908.981.990
topic361Environmental policyclimate change, safety of endangered species, policy to save forests, animal rights.832.920.800.900
topic362Energy policyenergy system transformation, electricity prices.936.969.9629.81
topic371Education and research policycurriculum, school system, job training, universities, financial support for students, early childhood education, graduate and professional education, school size, class size, school/university choice, school/university privatisation, tracking, teacher selection, teacher pay, teaching methods, curricular content, graduation requirements, school/university/research infrastructure, funding, and the values that schools and universities are expected to uphold and model.912.959.905.952
topic372Sport policypolitics related to sport and leisure, state support for young athletes, state training programs, state-sponsored building of sports facilities, corona-related measures in sports stadiums.992.997.990.995
topic370Cultural policyregulations for cultural events in times of the Covid-pandemic; funding of theatres; public funding of movies.952.979.981.990
topic380Defence policynational security, military, external security, policy of peace, policy of détente.936.971.990.995
topic410War and military conflicts between countriesUN peacekeeping, operations of the national army abroadNot coded as separate topicNot coded as separate topic1.001.00
topic400
  • Foreign policy, international relations

  • The post addresses foreign policy issues related or not related to the country under investigation.

relations between individual EU member states, relations with other states, relations with international organisations (e.g., UN, NATO), development policy, arms trades, sanctions, etc..928.936.962.981
Language: English
Page range: 157 - 184
Published on: Sep 2, 2024
Published by: University of Gothenburg Nordicom
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2024 Melanie Magin, Jörg Haßler, Anders Olof Larsson, Eli Skogerbø, published by University of Gothenburg Nordicom
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.