References
- Adorno, T. (1969). Einleitungsvortrag zum 16. Deutschen Soziologentag [Introductory lecture to the 16th German sociologists’ conference]. In T. Adorno (Ed.), Spätkapitalismus oder Industriege-sellschaft? Verhandlungen des 16. Deutschen Soziologentages [Late capitalism or industrial society? Proceedings of the 16th German sociologists’ conference], Enke, 12–26.
- Alogna, I., Bakker, C., & Gauci, J.-P. (Eds.). (2021). Climate change litigation: Global perspectives. Brill. API (American Petroleum Institute). (n.d.). Content from API. https://www.washingtonpost.com/creativegroup/sponsor/api
- Banerjee, N., Cushman, J., Haemyer, D., & Song, L. (2015). Exxon: The road not taken. Inside Climate News. https://insideclimatenews.org/project/exxon-the-road-not-taken/
- Barthes, R. (1970). Mythologies. Collection Points Essais / Ed. du Seuil. (Original work published 1957)
- Barthes, R. (1964). Rhétorique de l’image [Rhetoric of the image]. Communications, 4, 40–51. https://doi.org/10.3406/comm.1964.1027
- Björklund, E. (2022). The cultural production of climate disinformation: A social network analysis of the NIPCC [Master’s thesis, Södertörn University, Sweden]. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1685766/FULLTEXT01.pdf
- Bourdieu, P. (2001). Sur le pouvoir symbolique [On symbolic power]. In P. Bourdieu, Language et pouvoir symbolique (pp. 201–211). Fayard. (Original work published 1977)
- BP [@bp_plc]. (2019, October 22). The first step to reducing your emissions is to know where you stand. Find out your #carbonfootprint with our new calculator & share your pledge today! [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/bp_plc/status/1186645440621531136?s=20&t=4kQqFr7M0TyfL3phlcePzA
- Brander, M., Gillenwater, M., & Ascuia, F. (2018). Creative accounting: A critical perspective on the market-based method for reporting purchased electricity (scope 2) emissions. Energy Policy, 112, 29–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.09.051
- Brown, C., & Waltzer, H. (2005). Every Thursday: Advertorials by Mobil Oil on the op-ed page of The New York Times. Public Relations Review, 31(2), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2005.02.019
- Brulle, R. J. (2013). Institutionalizing delay: Foundation funding and the creation of US climate change counter-movement organizations. Climatic Change, 122(1), 681–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-1018-7
- Brulle, R. J. (2018). The climate lobby: A sectoral analysis of lobbying spending on climate change in the USA, 2000 to 2016. Climatic Change, 149(3), 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2241-z
- Brulle, R. J., Aronczyk, M., & Carmichael, J. (2020). Corporate promotion and climate change: An analysis of key variables affecting advertising spending by major oil corporations, 1986–2015. Climatic Change, 159(1), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02582-8
- Carlson, J. (1988, August 3). Greenhouse effect [Memorandum, internal Exxon document.] https://www.climatefiles.com/exxonmobil/566/
- Carter, L. (2021). Inside Exxon’s playbook: How America’s biggest oil company continues to oppose action on climate change. Unearthed. https://unearthed.greenpeace.org/2021/06/30/exxon-climate-change-undercover/
- Castillo, C. (1997, May 21). British Petroleum CEO Browne says firm will respond on global warming. Stanford Report. https://web.archive.org/web/20190206193549/https://news.stanford. edu/news/1997/may21/bp.html
- Charney, J., Arakawa, A., Baker, D. J., Bolin, B., Dickinson, R. E., Goody, R. M., Leith, C. E., Stommel, H. M., & Wunsch, C. I. (1979). Carbon dioxide and the climate: A scientific assessment. National Academy of the Sciences. https://geosci.uchicago.edu/~archer/warming_papers/charney.1979.report.pdf
- Climate Change Litigation Databases. (2020). Connecticut v. Exxon Mobil Corporation. http://climatecasechart.com/case/state-v-exxon-mobil-corp/
- Climate Change Litigation Databases. (2021). City of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp. http://climatecasechart.com/case/city-of-new-york-v-exxon-mobil-corp/
- Coll, S. (2012). Private empire: ExxonMobil and American Power. Penguin.
- Committee on Oversight and Reform. (2021, October 28). Analysis of the fossil fuel industry’s legislative lobbying and capital expenditures related to climate change. United States Congress. https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/Analysis%20of%20the%20Fossil%20Fuel%20Industrys%20Legislative%20Lobbying%20and%20Capital%20Expenditures%20Related%20to%20Climate%20Change%20-%20Staff%20Memo%20%2810.28.21%29.pdf
- Crary, J. (2013). 24/7: Late capitalism and the ends of sleep. Verso.
- Dahlberg, L. (2010). Put a tiger in your text: Metalepsis and media discourse. Nordicom Review, 31(1), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0123
- Doyle, J. (2011). Where has all the oil gone? BP branding and the discursive elimination of climate change risk. In N. Heffernan, & D. Wragg (Eds.), Culture, environment and eco-politics (pp. 200–225). Cambridge Scholars Press.
- Dunlap, R., & McCright, A. (2015). Challenging climate change: The denial countermovement. In R. Dunlap, & R. Brulle (Eds.), Climate change and society: Sociological perspectives (pp. 300–332). Oxford University Press.
- Ellul, J. (1990). Propagandes. Economica. (Original work published 1962)
- Exxon. (1998). Global climate change: Everyone’s debate. Exxon. https://www.climatefiles.com/exxonmobil/1998-exxon-pamphlet-global-climate-change-everyones-debate/
- Exxon Engineering. (1979). Controlling the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere [Internal document.] Petroleum Department. https://industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/#id=mqwl0228
- ExxonMobil. (2000, March 23). Unsettled science [Advertorial]. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/22/opinion/exxon-climate-change-.html
- ExxonMobil. (2022). Environmental performance. https://www.exxon.com/en/environment
- Exxon Research and Engineering Company. (1982). CO2 “greenhouse” effect [Internal document.] https://insideclimatenews.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/1982-Exxon-Primer-on-CO2-Greenhouse-Effect.pdf
- European Youth Portal. (2021). How to reduce my carbon footprint? European Union. https://europa.eu/youth/get-involved/sustainable-development/how-reduce-my-carbon-footprint_en
- Farrell, J. (2016). Corporate funding and ideological polarization about climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 113(1), 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509433112
- FTC (Federal Trade Commission). (2012). Guides for the use of environmental marketing claims [16 CFR Part 260]. Federal register, 77(197), 62122–62132. https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/federal_register_notices/guides-use-environmental-marketing-claims-green-guides/greenguidesfrn.pdf
- Gorz, A. (1964). Stratégie ouvrier et néocapitalisme [Labour strategy and neocapitalism]. Ed. du Seuil.
- Gostin, L. (2007). The “tobacco wars”: Global litigation strategies. Journal of American Medical Association, 298(21), 2537–2539. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.21.2537
- Hammond, D., Collishaw, N., & Callard, C. (2006). Secret science: Tobacco industry research on smoking behaviour and cigarette toxicity. The Lancet, 367(9512), 781–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68077-X
- Higham, J., & Font, X. (2020). Decarbonising Academia: Confronting our climate hypocrisy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1695132
- Huber, M. (2013). Lifeblood: Oil, freedom, and the forces of capital. University of Minnesota Press.
- Idso, C., Singer, F., & Carter, R. M. (2015). Why scientists disagree about global warming: The NIPCC report on scientific consensus. The Heartland Institute.
- InfluenceMap. (2019). Big oil’s real agenda on climate change. https://influencemap.org/report/How-Big-Oil-Continues-to-Oppose-the-Paris-Agreement-38212275958aa21196dae3b76220bddc
- InfluenceMap. (2022). Big oil’s real agenda on climate change 2022. https://influencemap.org/report/Big-Oil-s-Agenda-on-Climate-Change-2022-19585
- IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (1995). IPCC second assessment climate change 1995: A report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [An offprint of IPCC Second Assessment Synthesis report and Summary Reports for Policymakers.] https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/2nd-assessment-en-1.pdf
- IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (1996). Climate change 1995: The science of climate change [Contribution of WGI to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]. Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_sar_wg_I_full_report.pdf
- Jameson, F. (1984). Postmodernism, or the cultural logic of late capitalism. New Left Review, 146, 59–92.
- Kanso, A., Nelson, R., & Kitchen, P. (2020). BP and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: A case study of how company management employed public relations to restore a damaged brand. Journal of Marketing Communications, 26(7), 703–731. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2018.1559218
- Kaufman, M. (2020). The carbon footprint sham. A ‘successful, deceptive’ PR campaign. https://sea.mashable.com/science/11514/the-carbon-footprint-sham
- Kerr, R. (2004). Creating the corporate citizen: Mobil Oil’s editorial-advocacy campaign in the New York Times to advance the right and practice of corporate political speech, 1970–80. American Journalism, 21(4), 39–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/08821127.2004.10677609
- Klemperer, V. (1996). Lingua Tertii Imperii: Notizbuch eines Philologen [The Language of the Third Reich: A philologist’s notebook]. Reclam. (Original work published 1947)
- Kolk, A., & Levy, D. (2001). Winds of change: Corporate strategy, climate change and oil multinationals. European Management Journal, 19(5), 501–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-2373(01)00064-0
- Lasswell, H. (1927). The theory of political propaganda. The American Political Science Review, 21(3), 627–631. https://doi.org/10.2307/1945515
- Laville, S. (2019, April 25). UK’s ‘creative carbon accounting’ breaches climate deal, say critics. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/apr/25/uks-creative-carbon-accounting-breaches-climate-deal-say-critics
- Livesey, S. (2002). Global warming wars: Rhetorical and discourse analytic approaches to ExxonMobil’s corporate public discourse. The Journal of Business Communication, 39, 117–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/002194360203900
- Lowrey, A. (2017, May 1). Why the phrase “late capitalism” is suddenly everywhere. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/05/late-capitalism/524943/
- Lyotard, J.-F. (1988). Retour sur le retour [Going back to the return]. L’Ecrit du temps, 19, 3–17.
- MacDonald, G., Aberbanel, H., Carruthers, P., Chamberlain, J., Foley, H., Munk, W., Nierenberg, W., Rothaus, O., Ruderman, M., Vesecky, J., & Zacharasen, F. (1979). The long term impact on atmospheric carbon dioxide on climate [Technical report JSR-78-07]. SRI International. https://irp.fas.org/agency/dod/jason/co2.pdf
- McKenna, P. (2017). Educators decry conservative group’s climate ‘propaganda’ sent to schoolteachers. Inside Climate News. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/10042017/heartland-institute-climate-change-denial-science-education/
- Malm, A. (2016). Fossil capital: The rise of steam power and the roots of global warming. Verso.
- Mandel, E. (1972). Der Spätkapitalismus: Versuch einer marxistischen Erklärung [Late capitalism: An attempt at a Marxist explanation]. Suhrkamp.
- Marquis, C., Toffel, M., & Zhou, Y. (2016). Scrutiny, norms, and selective disclosure: A global study of greenwashing. Organization Science, 27(2), 233–504. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2015.1039
- Miller, M. (1975). Notes on neo-capitalism. Theory and Society, 2(1), 1–35.
- Miller Gaither, B., & Gaither, K. (2016). Marketplace advocacy by the U.S. fossil fuel industries: Issues of representation and environmental discourse. Mass Communication and Society, 19(5), 585–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2016.1203953
- Mitchell, T. (2011). Carbon democracy: Political power in the age of oil. Verso.
- Myers, C. (2016). What’s the legal definition of PR? An analysis of commercial speech and public relations. Public Relations Review, 42(5), 821–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2016.10.005
- Nickel, R., Gardner, T., & Adomaitis, N. (2021, April 16). Clean crude? Oil firms use offsets to claim green barrels. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/clean-crude-oil-firms-use-offsets-claim-green-barrels-2021-04-16/
- NSTA (National Science Teachers Association). (2017, April 4). Dear NSTA member [Letter to members from NSTA board]. https://static.nsta.org/pdfs/HeartlandLetter.pdf
- Oreskes, N., & Conway, E. (2010). Merchants of doubt: How a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming. Bloomsbury.
- Plec, E., & Pettenger, M. (2012). Greenwashing consumption: The didactic framing of ExxonMobil’s energy solutions. Environmental Communication, 6(4), 459–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2012.720270
- Pomerantsev, P. (2019). This is not propaganda. Faber & Faber.
- Propaganda Analysis. (1938). Propaganda techniques of German fascism. In Propaganda analysis: Volume 1 of the publications of the Institute for Propaganda Analysis. Institute of Propaganda Analysis (pp. 37–52). https://archive.org/details/IPAVol1
- Reuters. (2021, April 26). Lundin sells its first ‘carbon neutral’ oil as climate activism grows. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/lundin-sells-its-first-carbon-neutral-oil-climate-activism-grows-2021-04-26/
- Risbey, J. (2008). The new climate discourse: Alarmist or alarming? Global Environmental Change, 18(1), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.06.003
- Robinson, E., & Robbins, R. C. (1968). Sources, abundance, and fate of gaseous pollutants [Prepared for the American Petroleum Institute]. Stanford Research Institute.
- Robinson, M. (2014). Marketing big oil: Brand lessons from the world’s largest companies. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Rowlatt, J., & Gerken, T. (2021, October 21). COP26: Document leak reveals nations lobbying to change key climate report. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-58982445
- Russill, C., & Nyssa, Z. (2009). The tipping point trend in climate change communication. Global Environmental Change, 19(3), 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.04.001
- Saint John, B. (2014). The “creative confrontation” of Herbert Schmertz: Public relations sense making and the corporate persona. Public Relations Review, 40(5), 772–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.08.003
- Schmertz, H. (1986). Goodbye to the low profile: The Art of Creative Confrontation. Little, Brown and Company.
- Schultz, R., & Godson, R. (1984). Dezinformatsia: Active measures in Soviet strategy. Pergamon-Brassey’s.
- Shabecoff, P. (1988, June 24). Global warming has begun, expert tells senate. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/24/us/global-warming-has-begun-expert-tells-senate.html
- Shanor, A., & Light, S. (2022). Greenwashing and the first amendment. Columbia Law Review, 122(7), 2033–2118. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27178464
- Sheehan, K. (2018). This ain’t your daddy’s greenwashing: An assessment of the American Petroleum Institute’s power past impossible campaign. In M. Rimmer (Ed.), Intellectual property and clean energy: The Paris agreement and climate justice (pp. 301–321). Springer.
- Smith, K. T., Smith, L. M., & Dunbar, S. (2014). Using corporate advertising to improve public perception of energy companies. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 22(4), 347–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2013.876080
- Solnit, R. (2012, August 20). Men still explain things to me: Facts still don’t get in their way. The Nation. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/men-still-explain-things-me/
- Solnit, R. (2021, August 23). Big oil coined ‘carbon footprints’ to blame us for their greed: Keep them on the hook. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/aug/23/big-oil-coined-carbon-footprints-to-blame-us-for-their-greed-keep-them-on-the-hook
- Sombart, W. (1986). Der moderne Kapitalismus [Modern capitalism]. Duncker & Humblot. (Original work published 1928)
- Statoil. (2016). Sustainability report. Statoil. https://cdn.sanity.io/files/h61q9gi9/global/3b3dfed9ee2bf168d83d7551c8257aaf2042d055.pdf?sustainability-report-2015-equinor.pdf
- Steffen, W., Rockström, J., Richardson, K., & Schellnhuber, H. J. (2018). Trajectories of the earth system in the anthropocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 115(33), 8253–8259. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810141115
- Supran, G., & Oreskes, N. (2017). Assessing ExxonMobil’s climate change communications (1977–2014). Environmental Research Letters, 12(8), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abk0063
- Supran, G., & Oreskes, N. (2021). Rhetoric and frame analysis of ExxonMobil’s climate change communications. One Earth, 4(5), 696–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.014
- Supran, G., Rahmstorf, S., & Oreskes, N. (2023). Assessing ExxonMobil’s global warming projections. Science, 379(6628), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abk0063
- Talbot, H. (2021, May 5). Amsterdam to become first city in the world to ban this type of advert. Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/05/20/amsterdam-becomes-first-city-in-the-world-to-ban-this-type-of-advert
- Thunborg, P. (2020, August 25). Konsumentverket i ny strid mot Preems Gunde-filmer [The Swedish Consumer Agency in a new battle against Preem’s Gunde films]. Expressen. https://www.expressen.se/ekonomi/konsumentverket-i-ny-strid-mot-preems-gunde-filmer/
- Time. (1964, October 30). Western Europe: Neocapitalism. Time, 84(18). https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,876355,00.html
- UNEP (UN Environment Programme). (2021). Emissions gap report 2021. https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2021
- Union of Concerned Scientists. (2007). Smoke, mirrors & hot air: How ExxonMobil uses big tobacco’s tactics to “manufacture uncertainty” on climate change. https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/exxon_report.pdf
- Urry, J. (2013). Carbon capitalism and the problem of energy. Journal of Globalization Studies, 4(1), 78–83.
- Vang, P. (2014). Good guys: A cultural semiotic study of the print advertising of the oil industry (1900–2000) [Doctoral dissertation, Linköping University, Sweden]. https://doi.org/10.3384/diss.diva-106721
- Volcovici, V. (2021, March 16). Green groups file FTC complaint against Chevron over climate claims. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-ftc-greenwashing-idUSKBN2B82D7
- Ward, B. (2006). Letter from Bob Ward, The Royal Society (UK) to Nick Thomas, Esso UK. Climate Files. https://www.climatefiles.com/exxonmobil/letter-from-the-royal-society-to-esso-uk-limited-september-4-2006/
- Watts, J., Ambrose, J., & Vaughan, A. (2019, October 10). Oil firms to pour extra 7m barrels per day into markets, data shows. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/10/oil-firms-barrels-markets
- Westervelt, A. (2022, April 5). IPCC: We can tackle climate change if big oil gets out of the way. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/apr/05/ipcc-report-scientists-climate-crisis-fossil-fuels
- Wilson, S., Carlson, A., & Szeman, I. (Eds.). (2017). Petrocultures: Oil, politics, culture. McGill-Queen’s University Press.
- World Wildlife Fund. (2022). WWF footprint calculator. https://footprint.wwf.org.uk/#/
- Yergin, D. (2008). The prize: The epic quest for oil, money and power. Simon & Schuster.
- Anton Foley et al. v. Sweden (Nacka Dis. Ct. 2022). Complaint. http://climatecasechart.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/non-us-case-documents/2022/20221125_18245_application.pdf
- Connecticut [Connecticut v. Exxon Mobil Corporation] (Sup. Ct. of Hartford 2020). Complaint. http://climatecasechart.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2020/20200914_docket-HHDCV206132568S_complaint.pdf
- Greenpeace Nordic Association et al. v. Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (Sup. Ct. of Norway 2020). Judgment. http://climatecasechart.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/non-us-case-documents/2020/20201222_HR-2020-846-J_judgment.pdf
- Klimaatzaak Urgenda (Ct. of the Hague 2015). Judgment. https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2015:7145
- Klimaatzaak Urgenda (Ct. of Appeal in the Hague 2018). Judgment. https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:GHDHA:2018:2591
- Klimaatzaak Urgenda (High Council 2019). Judgment. https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2006
- Klimaatzaak v. L’Etat Belge (Tribunal de premiere instance francophone de Bruxelles 2021). Judgment. http://climatecasechart.com/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/non-us-case-documents/2021/20210617_2660_judgment.pdf
- Klimaatzaak v. Royal Dutch Shell (Ct. of the Hague 2021). Judgment. ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2021:5337. http://climatecasechart.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/non-us-case-documents/2021/20210526_8918_judgment.pdf
- Neubauer et al. v. Germany (Fed. Constitutional Ct. 2021). Judgment. http://climatecasechart.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/non-us-case-documents/2021/20210324_11817_order.pdf
- New York [City of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp. et al.] (Sup. Ct. of NY 2021). Complaint. http://climatecasechart.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2021/20210422_docket-4510712021_complaint.pdf
- Notre Affaire à Tous et al. v. France (Tribunal administrative de Paris 2021). Judgment. http://climatecasechart.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/non-us-case-documents/2021/20211014_NA_decision-1.pdf
