Development of a sustainable geopolymeric grout via mechanochemical activation with recycled brick powder Cover

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Development of a sustainable geopolymeric grout via mechanochemical activation with recycled brick powder

Materials Science-Poland

Volume 43 (2025): Issue 1 (March 2025)

By: Altuğ Saygılı, Ahmed Ali Agha and Mukhtar Hamid Abed

Open Access

|Mar 2025

Figures & Tables

Waste sources of aluminosilicates. (a) WBP and (b) GGBS.

Particle size distribution of grout materials.

EDS analysis of WBP powders.

Process of producing a geopolymer binder through mechanochemical activation.

SEM images of (a) raw WBP and (b) raw GGBS.

SEM images of (a) MG-0S-100B, (b) MG-15S-85B, (c) MG-30S-70B, and (d) MG-45S-55B.

XRD patterns of raw WBP and WBP-based MG precursor.

Effect of GGBS substitution on the XRD of the WBP-based MG precursor.

Workability of mechanochemical and conventional activation of mixtures.

Final setting times of mechanochemical and conventional mixtures.

UCS of MG- and CG-based grout: 28 days and 90 days.

Surface images of MG- and CG-based grouts.

Stress–strain responses of mixtures.

Bulk density of MG- and CG-based grouts.

SEM images of the (a–e) hardened grouts ((a, b, c, d) MG and (e) CG). (a) MG-0S-100B, (b) MG-30S-70B, (c) MG-15S-85B, (d) MG-45S-55B, and (e) CG-45S-55B.

XRD patterns of CG- and MG-based grout samples.

Properties of WBP, GGBS, and sodium silicate_

Constituent (%)	GGBS	WBP	(Na₂SiO₃-Penta) powder	(Na₂SiO₃) liquid
	(a) Chemical composition
CaO	34.15	9.8
SiO₂	40.42	55.5	28	29.4
Al₂O₃	10.6	17
Fe₂O₃	1.28	5.5
MgO	7.63	2.6
SO₃	0.68	1.92
K₂O	0.0128	1.58
Na₂O	0.64	0.65	29	14.7
Modulus ratio			1	2
H₂O			43	55.9
	(b) Physical properties
Specific surface area (m²/g)	1.46	0.72
D ₅₀ (µm)	21.6	42.25

Mixing proportions of CG- and MG-based grouts_

		Weight (%)					Weight (g)
		Aluminosilicate materials		Alkaline activator		Na₂SiO₃ /NaOH	Aluminosilicate materials		Alkaline activator		w/b ratio	Ball-Mill duration (h)	NaOH molarity
Activation type	Mix ID	WBP	GGBSF	NaOH	Na₂SiO₃		WBP	GGBSF	NaOH	Na₂SiO₃
MG	MG-0S-100B	80	0	10	10	1	800	0	100	100	500	2	5
	MG-15S-85B	68	12	10	10	1	680	120	100	100	500
	MG-30S-70B	56	24	10	10	1	560	240	100	100	500
	MG-45S-55B	44	36	10	10	1	440	360	100	100	500
CG	CG-0S-100B	80	0	10	10	1	800	0	100	100	500	—	5
	CG-15S-85B	68	12	10	10	1	680	120	100	100	500	—
	CG-30S-70B	56	24	10	10	1	560	240	100	100	500	—
	CG-45S-55B	44	36	10	10	1	440	360	100	100	500	—

Results of TCLP analysis_

Sample name	Pb	Cd	Cr	Zn	Cu	Ni	As
EPA limit (mg/L)	5	1	5	25	25	25	5
MG-45S-55B (mg/L)	0.251	0.232	1.739	2.462	0.74	0.73	Not detected
CG-45S-55B (mg/L)	2.965	0.102	2.724	1.642	0.96	<0.01	Not detected
GGBS (mg/L)	<0.01	0.013	0.076	Not detected	0.025	0.02	<0.01
WBP (mg/L)	<0.01	0.019	0.672	1.246	0.5	1.697	<0.01

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2025-0003 | Journal eISSN: 2083-134X | Journal ISSN: 2083-1331

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Language: English

Page range: 18 - 41

Submitted on: Nov 25, 2024

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Accepted on: Jan 17, 2025

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Published on: Mar 12, 2025

Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Mechanochemical activation,

Waste brick powder,

Ground granulated blast furnace slag

Related subjects:

Materials sciences,

Materials sciences, other,

Functional and smart materials,

Materials characterization and properties

© 2025 Altuğ Saygılı, Ahmed Ali Agha, Mukhtar Hamid Abed, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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