Effect of saccharin addition on formation, wear and corrosion resistance of electrodeposited Ni-Cr coatings

Bath solution	Amount	Function
NiSO₄.7H₂O (nickel sulphate)	50 g/l	Ni²⁺ source
NiCl₂.6H₂O (nickel chloride)	45 g/l	Ni²⁺ source
CrCl₃. 6H₂O (chromium chloride)	75 g/l	Cr³⁺ source
H₃BO₃ (boric acid)	50 g/l	Blocking agent
C₆H₈O₇ (citric acid)	70 g/l	Blocking agent
Na₃C₆H₅O₇.2H₂O (sodium citrate dihydrate)	105 g/l	Complexing agent
C₇H₄NNaO₃S • 2H₂O (sodium saccharin)	0, 0.5, 1, 2 g/l	Additive material

Alternating voltammetry curves obtained from baths

SEM images and EDS analysis a) 0 g/l saccharin, b) 0.5 g/l saccharin, c) 1 g/l saccharin, d) 2 g/l saccharin

Table 4.

Chemical composition of coatings according to EDS analysis (wt. %)

	C	N	O	Na	S	Cr	Ni
0 g/l Saccharin	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.18	98.82
0.5 g/l Saccharin	7.83	2.27	1.77	0.17	0.17	2.53	85.27
1 g/l Saccharin	8.64	2.37	0.00	0.13	0.19	2.84	85.83
2 g/l Saccharin	7.87	1.85	0.29	0.19	0.22	3.38	86.21

Table 5.

Angle values and DB card numbers

	Chemical formula	2-theta (deg)	Phase name	DB card number		Chemical formula	2-theta (deg)	Phase name	DB card number
		18.7	100				44.4	111
		26.3	110	01-089-2392	■	Ni	51.8	200	00-004-0850
▲	Cr	44.4	210	01-077-7591			76.3	220
		51.7	200				44.4	111
		76.3	220		•	(Cr₂Ni₂₃)_0.16	51.8	200	01-077-7616
♦	Cr₇Ni₃	42.6	410	00-051-0637			76.3	220

Table 6.

Parameters obtained from XRD models

Sample	2 (Degree)	Full width at half maximum (FWHM)	Grain size (D) (nm)
0 g/l Saccharin	44.28	0.650	32.42
0.5 g/l Saccharin	44.44	0.960	21.87
1 g/l Saccharin	44.46	0.875	23.99
2 g/l Saccharin	44.47	0.644	32.58

Nanoindentation load-displacement curves

Table 7.

Elastic modulus, hardness and residual stress values

	h_c (nm)	P_max (μN)	S (μN/nm)	A (nm²)	H_max (nm)	E_r (GPa)	H (GPa)	Residual Stress (Gpa)
0 g/l Sacc.	317	5006	326	2842233	329	171.58	1.76	0.51
0.5 g/l Sacc.	304	5005	257	2632610	319	140.58	1.90	0.24
1 g/l Sacc.	250	5007	99	1819289	281	65.17	2.75	−0.95
2 g/l Sacc.	242	5008	136	1706650	269	92.11	2.93	−0.71

Effect of saccharin addition on the surface roughness of Ni-Cr coatings

Worn surface morphology: (a) 0 g/l saccharin, (b) 0.5 g/l saccharin, (c) 1 g/l saccharin, (d) 2 g/l saccharin

Table 8.

Wear rate, wear volume loss and average COF values

Sample Name	Wear rate (mm³/Nm) (10⁻⁶)	Volume loss (mm³) (10³)	Coefficient of Friction (COF)
0 g/l saccharin	11.24	5.620	0.483
0.5 g/l saccharin	5.91	2.953	0.528
1 g/l saccharin	4.93	3.002	0.535
2 g/l saccharin	3.75	1.875	0.563

Table 9.

Corrosion data determined using the Tafel extrapolation method

	ECorr (mV)	Icorr (μ A/cm²)	Corrosion rate (mm/year)
AISI 1040	−770	91.73	1.08
0 g/l Saccharin	−719	65.18	0.77
0.5 g/l Saccharin	−678	58.26	0.68
1 g/l Saccharin	−662	38.18	0.44
2 g/l Saccharin	−658	56.53	0.66

Open circuit potential curves of Ni-Cr alloy coatings and substrate

(a) Nyquist diagrams, (b) impedance modulus plots, (c) bode diagrams, (d) equivalent circuit diagram

Table 10.

Equivalent circuit parameters

	R_s (Ω.cm²)	R_p (Ω.cm²)	n	Y_o(10⁻⁴) (Ω⁻¹.cm⁻².sn)	C_P (μF/cm²)
AISI 1040	214	2328	0.42	5.85	89.6
0 g/l Saccharin	161	2615	0.53	6.08	91.8
0.5 g/l Saccharin	195	4371	0.67	2.95	33.4
1 g/l Saccharin	145	5520	0.67	2.70	32.9
2 g/l Saccharin	166	5472	0.59	2.67	34.7

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2023-0036 | Journal eISSN: 2083-134X (formerly 2083-124X) | Journal ISSN: 2083-1331

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Language: English

Page range: 111 - 125

Submitted on: Nov 8, 2023

Accepted on: Dec 26, 2023

Published on: Jan 30, 2024

Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

wear,

Related subjects:

Materials sciences, other,

Nanomaterials,

Functional and smart materials,

Materials characterization and properties

© 2024 Mehmet Demir, Erdoğan Kanca, İsmail Hakki Karahan, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 41 (2023): Issue 3 (September 2023)

Effect of saccharin addition on formation, wear and corrosion resistance of electrodeposited Ni-Cr coatings

Figures & Tables

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Table 2.

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Fig. 3.

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Table 6.

Fig. 4.

Table 7.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Table 8.

Fig. 8.

Table 9.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Table 10.

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