Investigation of the properties of cast asphalt concrete mixture with the addition of fiber from the fly ash of thermal power plants

Andrii Bieliatynskyi; Shilin Yang; Valerii Pershakov; Meiyu Shao; Mingyang Ta

doi:10.2478/msp-2022-0042

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Investigation of the properties of cast asphalt concrete mixture with the addition of fiber from the fly ash of thermal power plants

Materials Science-Poland

Volume 40 (2022): Issue 4 (December 2022)

By: Andrii Bieliatynskyi, Shilin Yang, Valerii Pershakov, Meiyu Shao and Mingyang Ta

Open Access

|Apr 2023

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Data on the hardness of the original bitumen

Needle penetration depth, 0.1 mm	Test method	Norm for DSTU 4044	Actual value
At 25°C	GOST 11501	91–130mm	108mm
At 0°C		Not <28mm	33mm

Table 2

Data on the elasticity of original bitumen

Extensibility of bitumen, cm	Test method	Standard according to DSTU 4044	Actual value
At 25°C	GOST 11501	6.5	88
At 0°C		4.0	5.6

Apparatus for determining the brittleness temperature of petroleum bitumen ATX-20

Table 3

Basic indicators of bitumen BND 90/130

No.	Indicator name	Norm of DSTU 4044	Actual value
1	Flash point, °C, not lower	230	265
2	Change in softening temperature after heating, °C, no more	5	5
3	Penetration index	From +1 to −1	−0.8
4	Bonding bitumen to marble or sand	Pass the test against the control sample	Withstands the marble test

Table 4

Composition of crushed stone according to the requirements of DSTU B V.2.7-119

Indicators	Sieve openings, mm
Indicators	25	20	12.5	10	5	2.5
Private balances	0	0.76	54.04	6.4	36.6	1.9
Full balances	0	0.76	54.8	61.2	97.8	99.7
Full passes	0	99.24	45.2	38.8	2.2	0.7
DSTU requirements	Up to 0.5	Up to 10	30–60	–	90–100	95–100

Table 5

Basic properties of crushed stone of 5–20 mm fraction

No.	The name of indicators	DSTU B V.2.7-30 requirements	Actual indicator
1	Crushed stone moisture, %	Not normalized	0.15
2	Bulk density at natural humidity, t/m³	Not normalized	1.47
3	Content of flaky and needle-shaped grains, %	From 15 to 25, III group	22.01
4	Content of dust and clay particles, % by weight	Not >1	0.37
5	Clay content in lumps, % by weight	Not >0.25	0
6	Crushed stone crushing (grade), % by weight	To 12, including Grade 1400	3.9
7	Crushed stone abrasion grade, %	To 25, including Grade I1	7.4 (I1)
8	Grain content of weak rocks, % by weight	Not >5	2.4
9	Crushed stone frost resistance, cycles, weight loss in %	15, not >2 (F300)	1.7 (F300)
10	Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides, Bq/kg	Not >370	15.8
11	Stability of the structure against decay (loss of mass), %	0.65–0.9

Table 6

Grain size of sand

Sieve size, mm	Actual results
Sieve size, mm	Private balances, %	Total balances, %	Full passes, %
2.5	33.65	33.65	66.35
1.25	21.664	55.29	44.71
0.63	18.63	73.29	26.08
0.315	11.52	85.44	14.56
0.16	9.29	94.73	5.27
0.071	3.12	97.85	2.15
<0.071	2.15	100	0

Table 7

Physical and mechanical properties of sand

No.	Name of indicators	DSTU B V.2.7-30 requirements	Actual indicator
1	Bulk density, kg/m³	–	1,510
2	True density, kg/m³	–
3	Content of dust and clay particles, %	Not >10.0	1.46
4	Size module	3.0–3.5mm	3.34mm
5	Sand group	–	Increased size
6	Clay content in lumps, %	Not >2.0	Does not have clay
7	Content of grains with size >10 mm, %	Not >5	0
8	Content of grains with size >5 mm, %	Not >15	0
9	Content of grains with size >0.63 mm, %	65–75	73.92
10	Content of grains with size >0.16 mm, %	Not >10	5.27
11	Total specific effective activity of natural radionuclides, Bq/kg	Not >370	296.6

Table 8

Basic properties of mineral powder

No.	Indicator name	Factual data
1	Grain composition, % sieve 1.25 mm	100
2	Grain composition, % sieve 0.315 mm	98.8
3	Grain composition, % sieve	74.3
4	Swelling by volume, %	2.40
5	Porosity by volume, %	29.9
6	Humidity, %	0.45
7	Specific gravity, g/cm³	2.83
8	Content of sesquioxides (Al+Fe), %	1.17
9	Water-soluble fraction, %	2.41
10	Active CaO + MgO, %	2.08
11	Loss on ignition, %	17
12	Total specific efficiency of natural radionuclides, Bq/kg	1,348

Table 9

Fly ash fiber characteristics

Name of indicators	Physical and mechanical properties
Name of indicators	Fly ash fiber
Average fiber diameter, μm	160.0
The amount of nonfibrous additives, %	2–3
Density, g/cm³	2.65
Temperature range of use, °C	−269 to +700
Water resistance, %	99.6
Chemical resistance, %	93.4
0.5H NaOH	77.3
2H NaOH	98.5
2H H₂SO₄	to 1.0
Hygroscopicity, %	4,100
Mechanical strength, MPa	120
Elastic modulus, MPa	3.1

Table 10

Types of CEMM by grain size

Sieve diameter, mm	Full pass through the sieve, % by weight, for mixtures of the type
Sieve diameter, mm	Type 1	Type 2	Type 3
15	100	100	100
10	100	100	80–94
5	100	91–100	71–90
2.5	90–100	65–90	45–70
1.25	67–91	46–71	29–51
0.63	41–66	31–51	20–35
0.315	24–41	17–29	12–24
0.14	14–28	9–20	7–18
0.071	10–20	5–15	5–15

Table 11

Grain composition of mineral filler

Mix component name	Content by weight, in %, of mineral grains smaller than a given size, mm
Mix component name	0.315	0.140	0.071
Mineral filler	90–100	75–100	67–100

Aluminum sulfate: sample A – first grade; sample B – top grade

Test procedure for determining adsorption of methylene blue

Components in cast emulsion–mineral mixtures

Modified cohesive device: 1 - air cylinder; 2 -cylinder rod; 3 - rubber tip; 4 - a plate of roofing felt(s); 5 - pressure gauge for measuring the pressure in the cylinder; 6 - air pressure regulator; 7 - torque wrench; 8 - regulator for lowering the cylinder rod

Destruction of cast emulsion–mineral mixture specimens by type. N, normal; NS, normal spin; S, spin; SS, solid spin

Table 12

Determination of the road surface formation stages from cast emulsion–mineral mixtures

Strength characteristics		Stages of forming road surfaces from cast emulsion-mineral mixtures
The nature of the destruction	*Torque value, kgcm**
“N” – Normal	12–13	Grasping
“NS” – Normal spin	20–21	Self-sealing (opening movement with a speed limit of up to 40 km/hr)
“S” – Spin	23	Sealing
“SS” – Solid spin	26	Hardening (opening movement without speed limit)^†

† After this stage, gaining of cohesive strength begins

A - planetary mixer “Hobar C-100”; B - finished samples

Table 13

Structural type according to the HCS criterion

No.	Bitumen brand			Group chemical composition, wt.%			*Ratio, 100%**		C-th type according to HCS
No.	Bitumen brand	Manufacturer	Production technology	Asphaltenes (A)	Resins (C)	Oils (olives) (M)	A/A+C	A/C+M	C-th type according to HCS
1	Nynas 100/150	Nynas	Distillation	12.1	29.5	58.4	29.1	13.8	2
2	Nybit E85	Nynas	Distillation	15.9	38.1	46.0	29.4	19.8	2
3	BND 60/90	Ukrtatnafta	Oxidation	25.3	24.7	50.0	50.6	33.9	3
4	BND 60/90 with ICR	Ukrnafta	Oxidation	22.0	36.0	42.0	37.9	28.2	3

[i] ICR, indene–coumarone resin

Quantitative content of asphaltene depending on the bitumen brand

Table 14

Physical and mechanical properties of bitumen

No.	Bitumen brand	Name and meaning of indicators
No.	Bitumen brand	T_times, °C	P₂₅, 0.1 mm	L₂₅, cm	T_xp, °C	IP, °C	IR	Paraffin contents, wt.%	Glass adhesion
1	Nynas 100/150	43	107	>100	−15	58	−1.25	0.5	20
2	Nybit E85	47	80	>100	−11	58	−0.8	0.5	24
3	BND 60/90	49	72	84	−18	67	0.6	5.4	32
4	BND 60/90 with IKS	52	62	26	−16	68	−0.21	4.0	93

The content of paraffin in bitumen of different types

Adhesion of different types of bitumen to the glass surface

The plasticity interval of different types of bitumen

Acid quantity in different types of bitumen

Table 15

Structural types of bitumen according to the HCS criterion and design criteria

No.	Bitumen brand	The structural type by criteria
		HCS	Plastic interval		Penetration index		Indicator V.A. Zolotareva (K_sta)
		HCS	PI, °C	C-type	PI	C-type	K_sta	C-type
1	Nynas 100/150	2	58	3	−1.25	2	0.07	2
2	Nybit E85	2	58	3	−0.8	3	0.07	2
3	BND 60/90	3	69	3	−0.7	3	0.083	3
4	BND 60/90 with IKS	3	67	3	−0.6	3	0.096	3

Table 16

Calculated selection of the composition of the asphalt concrete mixture

No.	Name of materials	Mixture composition (bitumen >100%)	The composition of the mixture (bitumen 100%)
1	Crushed granite fraction, 10–20 mm	29.98	28.34
2	Crushed granite fraction, 5–10 mm	13.73	12.98
3	Sand from crushing screenings	48.29	45.64
4	Nonactivated mineral powder MP-1	4.00	3.78
5	Fiber from the fly ash of thermal power plants made in China	4.00	11.14
6	Bitumen BND 90/130	11.80	–

Equipment for determining the strength and deformation characteristics of asphalt concrete: A – DTS 06-50-50 press; B – a universal machine Instron 6637 (USA)

Table 17

Physical and mechanical properties of asphalt concrete

Binder composition, compressive strength	Traditional composition	Composition with the addition of fiber, %
Binder composition, compressive strength	Traditional composition	1.0	2.0	3.0	4.0
At t=50°C, MPa	1.62	1.24	1.47	1.58	1.55
At t=20°C, MPa	3.31	2.74	3.02	3.07	2.74
At t=0°C, MPa	8.12	7.26	7.66	9.21	9.84
Coefficient of temperature sensitivity, R₅₀/R₀	0.20	0.17	0.19	0.17	0.16
Coefficient of temperature sensitivity, R₅₀/R₂₀	0.49	0.45	0.48	0.51	0.57
Water resistance after prolonged water saturation	0.94	0.92	0.91	0.91	0.90

Coefficient of temperature sensitivity depending on the amount of fiber in the mixture

Table 18

Deformation of cast asphalt concrete during its compression at maximum load at low temperatures, obtained on Instron 6637 (USA)

Binder composition for asphalt concrete		Displacement at maximum load, at temperatures, mm/mm
Binder composition for asphalt concrete		5°C	0°C	5°C
BND 90/130		0.750	0.734	0.728
Fly ash fiber	1.0 wt.%	1.022	0.812	0.789
Fly ash fiber	2.0 wt.%	1.025	0.983	0.774
3.0 wt.%	0.712	0.914	0.766
4.0 wt.%	0.892	0.861	0.720

Table 19

Requirements for cohesive strength set speed of cast emulsion–mineral mixtures

Time necessary to achieve required cohesive strength, hr	Durability properties			Stages of formation of cast emulsion-mineral mixtures
	Nature of destruction	*Torque value, kgcm**	Ultimate shear strength, mPa, not more	Stages of formation of cast emulsion-mineral mixtures
Not more than 0.5	“N” – Normal	12–13	0.26	Grasping
Not more than 1.0	“NS” – Normal Spin	20–21	0.42	Self-sealing (the opening of traffic with a speed limit of 40 km/hr)
-	“S” – Spin	23	0.48	Sealing
Not more than 4.0	“SS” – Solid Spin	26	0.55	^†Hardening (the opening of traffic without speed limits)

† After this stage, the final cohesive strength setting occurs (additional sealing)

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2022-0042 | Journal eISSN: 2083-134X (formerly 2083-124X) | Journal ISSN: 2083-1331

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Language: English

Page range: 125 - 146

Submitted on: Oct 4, 2022

Accepted on: Jan 3, 2023

Published on: Apr 20, 2023

Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

product of coal combustion,

properties of asphalt concrete,

finely dispersed material,

modifying additives,

cast asphalt concrete mixture

Related subjects:

Materials sciences,

Materials sciences, other,

Nanomaterials,

Functional and smart materials,

Materials characterization and properties

© 2023 Andrii Bieliatynskyi, Shilin Yang, Valerii Pershakov, Meiyu Shao, Mingyang Ta, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 40 (2022): Issue 4 (December 2022)

Investigation of the properties of cast asphalt concrete mixture with the addition of fiber from the fly ash of thermal power plants

Figures & Tables

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Table 1

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Table 11

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