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Bio-dielectric based on superconductors yttrium calcium barium copper oxide (YCaBa2Cu3O7−x) from eggshell as calcium oxide source via sol-gel process Cover

Bio-dielectric based on superconductors yttrium calcium barium copper oxide (YCaBa2Cu3O7−x) from eggshell as calcium oxide source via sol-gel process

Materials Science-Poland
Volume 39 (2021): Issue 3 (September 2021)
By: ,   and    
Open Access
|Dec 2021
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

(A) Meissner effect of superconductor materials; (B) superconducting materials at temperature (T) below a critical temperature (Tc) [13].

Fig. 2

Superconductor sample preparation for measurement of electrical properties of disk-like samples: (A) YBCO-900-ref, (B) YBCO-1000-ref, (C) YCaBCO-900-eggshell, (D) YCaBCO-1000-eggshell, (E) YCaBCO-900-com grade, (F) YCaBCO-1000-com grade, (G) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell, and (H) YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-eggshell. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide; YCaBCO, yttrium calcium barium copper oxide.

Table 1

Formulas for preparation of superconductor samples.

SampleFormula 1Formula 2Formula 3Formula 4Formula 5
Y2O3 in 9.93 cm3 ethanol (C2H5OH)2.26 g2.26 g2.26 g2.26 g2.26 g
BaCl2 in 10.80 cm3 water4.16 g4.16 g4.16 g4.16 g4.16 g
CuO in 8.37 cm3 HCl4.77 g4.77 g4.77 g4.77 g4.77 g
CaO in 8.37 cm3 HCl (commercial grade)–––2.242.24
CaO in 8.37 cm3 HCl (eggshell)–2.24 g2.24 g––
NaOH (pH)––Adjust the pH to 11–Adjust the pH to 11
Encoded sampleYBa2Cu3O7−z (ref.)YCaBa2Cu3O7−z (CaO from eggshell)YBa2Cu3O7−z (CaO from eggshell)YCaBa2Cu3O7−z (commercial grade CaO)YCaBa2Cu3O7−z (commercial grade CaO)
Firing temperature (°C)
    900YBCO-900-refYCaBCO-900-eggshellYCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshellYCaBCO-900-com gradeYCaBCO-NaOH-900-com grade
    1,000YBCO-1000-refYCaBCO-1000-eggshellYCaBCO-NaOH-1000-eggshellYCaBCO-900-com gradeYCaBCO-NaOH-1000-com grade

[i] YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.

Table 2

Density values and solubility data of chemical substances used for preparation of superconductors.

Chemical substanceDensity (g/cm3)H2OEthanol (C2H5OH)HCl
Yttrium oxide (Y2O3)5.03–✓Slightly soluble
Barium chloride (BaCl2)3.10✓––
Calcium oxide (CaO) from eggshell, pH 122.46––✓
Calcium oxide (CaO), commercial grade, pH 12.63.34––✓
Copper oxide (CuO)6.51––✓

[i] Remark: “–” = insoluble.

[ii] “✓” = good solubility.

Fig. 3

(A) STA of superconductors with added calcium oxide (CaO) from eggshell. (B) STA of super-conductors with added commercial grade calcium oxide (CaO). STA, simultaneous thermal analysis.

Fig. 4

YCaBCO powder with added calcium oxide (CaO): (A) YBCO-900-ref, (B) YBCO-1000-ref, (C) YCaBCO-900-eggshell, (D) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell, (E) YCaBCO-900-com grade, and (F) YCaBCO-900-com grade. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.

Fig. 5

Perovskite structure of superconductor YBCO [15]. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.

Fig. 6

Spectra of raw materials and superconducting materials measured by FTIR. FTIR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Fig. 7

Patterns of the X-ray peaks of superconductor samples prior to and after firing.

Fig. 8

(A) and (B) Orthorhombic and (C) tetragonal structure of superconductor (YBCO) with and without addition of CaO [15]. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.

Fig. 9

Microstructures of calcium oxide and superconductor samples observed using SEM at 1,000× magnification: (A) calcium oxide from eggshell, (B) YBCO-900-ref, (C) YCaBCO-900-eggshell, (D) YCaBCO-900-com grade, (E) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell, (F) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-com grade. SEM, scanning electron microscope; YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.

Fig. 10

(A) Conductivity of samples versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz. (B) Dielectric constants of samples versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz.

Fig. 11

(A) Conductivities of samples with/without the addition of CaO from eggshell versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz. (B) Dielectric constants of samples with/without the addition of CaO from eggshell versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz.

Fig. 12

Electrical properties due to polarization at various electromagnetic frequencies [7].

Table 3

Electrical properties of raw materials and superconductor samples measured at room temperature (27 °C), (±SD), n = 3.

SampleFrequency(Hz)Capacitance (pF)Electrical conductivity (S/m)Dielectric constantDielectric loss
CuO0.5 × 10240.53 ± 0.391,960.00 ± 18.7008.334 ± 0.0801.511 ± 0.671
CuO1.0 × 1065.63 ± 0.427.08 ± 0.0101.158 ± 0.0870.122 ± 0.053
Y2O30.5 × 102341.63 ± 12.95236.00 ± 9.04071.366 ± 2.7061.529 ± 0.663
Y2O31.0 × 10664.75 ± 0.290.622 ± 0.00313.526 ± 0.0610.128 ± 0.057
BaCl20.5 × 10266.63 ± 0.891,200.00 ± 16.10013.808 ± 0.1841.478 ± 0.641
BaCl21.0 × 10621.88 ± 0.631.83 ± 0.0524.535 ± 0.1300.155 ± 0.068
CaO (commercial grade)0.5 × 102444.19 ± 5.58185.00 ± 2.3094.627 ± 1.1891.685 ± 0.730
CaO (commercial grade)1.0 × 10655.37 ± 2.710.743 ± 0.03511.794 ± 0.5780.130 ± 0.056
CaO (from eggshell)0.5 × 1029.40 ± 0.048,700.00 ± 38.7001.966 ± 0.0091.795 ± 0.777
CaO (from eggshell)1.0 × 1060.47 ± 0.0187.90 ± 1.7200.099 ± 0.0020.168 ± 0.073
YBCO-900-ref0.5 × 1028,286.70 ± 28.49(3.60 ± 0.01) × 1071,874.794 ± 6.4461.351 ± 0.585
YBCO-900-ref1.0 × 106107.59 ± 0.46(5.40 ± 0.02) × 10624.341 ± 0.1030.159 ± 0.069
YBCO-1000-ref0.5 × 1028,326.70 ± 28.00(7.60 ± 0.01) × 1071,883.910 ± 6.4001.351 ± 0.590
YBCO-1000-ref1.0 × 106257.25 ± 1.70(2.26 ± 0.01) × 10658.200 ± 0.4000.159 ± 0.070
YCaBCO-900-eggshell0.5 × 1028,540.10 ± 2.00(1.32 ± 0.00) × 1081,988.540 ± 0.5000.534 ± 0.030
YCaBCO-900-eggshell1.0 × 106132.02 ± 0.90(4.28 ± 0.03) × 10630.740 ± 0.2000.213 ± 0.010
YCaBCO-1000-eggshell0.5 × 1029,765.30 ± 47.00(1.15 ± 0.01) × 1082,281.880 ± 11.000.534 ± 0.230
YCaBCO-1000-eggshell1.0 × 106121.50 ± 1.30(4.63 ± 0.05) × 10628.391 ± 0.3000.213 ± 0.090
YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell0.5 × 10214,622.02 ± 1.10(8.31 ± 0.01) × 1073,163.23 ± 0.201.635 ± 0.110
YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell1.0 × 106177.84 ± 0.40(3.42 ± 0.008) × 10638.47 ± 0.100.171 ± 0.010
YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-eggshell0.5 × 10210,838.78 ± 233(1.10 ± 0.02) × 1082,389.53 ± 51.401.635 ± 0.715
YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-eggshell1.0 × 106145.65 ± 1.47(4.09 ± 0.04) × 10632.11 ± 0.320.171 ± 0.074
YCaBCO-900-com grade0.5 × 1028,225.75 ± 0.73(1.40 ± 0.01) × 1081,874.59 ± 0.171.351 ± 0.585
YCaBCO-900-com grade1.0 × 106130.32 ± 1.21(4.43 ± 0.04) × 10629.70 ± 0.280.159 ± 0.069
YCaBCO-1000-com grade0.5 × 1029,484.85 ± 57.47(1.19 ± 0.01) × 1082,200.69 ± 13.331.351 ± 0.585
YCaBCO-1000-com grade1.0 × 106118.55 ± 0.87(4.78 ± 0.04) × 10627.51 ± 0.200.159 ± 0.069
YCaBCO-NaOH-900-com grade0.5 × 10214,821.33 ± 215(8.70 ± 0.10)×1073,022.77 ± 43.931.483 ± 0.064
YCaBCO-NaOH-900-com grade1.0 × 106177.84 ± 0.42(3.42 ± 0.01)×10638.47 ± 0.090.171 ± 0.007
YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-com grade0.5 × 10210,213.51 ± 9.27(1.24 ± 0.001)×1082,125.19 ± 1.931.483 ± 0.644
YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-com grade1.0 × 106146.83 ± 2.38(4.30 ± 0.07)×10630.55 ± 0.500.161 ± 0.071

[i] SD, standard deviation; YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2021-0026 | Journal eISSN: 2083-134X (formerly 2083-124X) | Journal ISSN: 2083-1331
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Language: English
Page range: 305 - 318
Submitted on: Apr 23, 2021
Accepted on: Apr 23, 2021
Published on: Dec 30, 2021
Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
eggshell powder,
superconductor,
electrical conductivity,
dielectric constant,
sol-gel process
Related subjects:
Materials sciences,
Materials sciences, other,
Nanomaterials,
Functional and smart materials,
Materials characterization and properties

© 2021 Wipawadee Toumvong, Pornnita Chitcharoentaweechoke, Nuchnapa Tangboriboon, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 39 (2021): Issue 3 (September 2021)
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