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Bio-dielectric based on superconductors yttrium calcium barium copper oxide (YCaBa2Cu3O7−x) from eggshell as calcium oxide source via sol-gel process Cover

Bio-dielectric based on superconductors yttrium calcium barium copper oxide (YCaBa2Cu3O7−x) from eggshell as calcium oxide source via sol-gel process

Materials Science-Poland
Volume 39 (2021): Issue 3 (September 2021)
By: Wipawadee Toumvong,  Pornnita Chitcharoentaweechoke and  Nuchnapa Tangboriboon  
Open Access
|Dec 2021

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

(A) Meissner effect of superconductor materials; (B) superconducting materials at temperature (T) below a critical temperature (Tc) [13].
(A) Meissner effect of superconductor materials; (B) superconducting materials at temperature (T) below a critical temperature (Tc) [13].

Fig. 2

Superconductor sample preparation for measurement of electrical properties of disk-like samples: (A) YBCO-900-ref, (B) YBCO-1000-ref, (C) YCaBCO-900-eggshell, (D) YCaBCO-1000-eggshell, (E) YCaBCO-900-com grade, (F) YCaBCO-1000-com grade, (G) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell, and (H) YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-eggshell. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide; YCaBCO, yttrium calcium barium copper oxide.
Superconductor sample preparation for measurement of electrical properties of disk-like samples: (A) YBCO-900-ref, (B) YBCO-1000-ref, (C) YCaBCO-900-eggshell, (D) YCaBCO-1000-eggshell, (E) YCaBCO-900-com grade, (F) YCaBCO-1000-com grade, (G) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell, and (H) YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-eggshell. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide; YCaBCO, yttrium calcium barium copper oxide.

Fig. 3

(A) STA of superconductors with added calcium oxide (CaO) from eggshell. (B) STA of super-conductors with added commercial grade calcium oxide (CaO). STA, simultaneous thermal analysis.
(A) STA of superconductors with added calcium oxide (CaO) from eggshell. (B) STA of super-conductors with added commercial grade calcium oxide (CaO). STA, simultaneous thermal analysis.

Fig. 4

YCaBCO powder with added calcium oxide (CaO): (A) YBCO-900-ref, (B) YBCO-1000-ref, (C) YCaBCO-900-eggshell, (D) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell, (E) YCaBCO-900-com grade, and (F) YCaBCO-900-com grade. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.
YCaBCO powder with added calcium oxide (CaO): (A) YBCO-900-ref, (B) YBCO-1000-ref, (C) YCaBCO-900-eggshell, (D) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell, (E) YCaBCO-900-com grade, and (F) YCaBCO-900-com grade. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.

Fig. 5

Perovskite structure of superconductor YBCO [15]. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.
Perovskite structure of superconductor YBCO [15]. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.

Fig. 6

Spectra of raw materials and superconducting materials measured by FTIR. FTIR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Spectra of raw materials and superconducting materials measured by FTIR. FTIR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Fig. 7

Patterns of the X-ray peaks of superconductor samples prior to and after firing.
Patterns of the X-ray peaks of superconductor samples prior to and after firing.

Fig. 8

(A) and (B) Orthorhombic and (C) tetragonal structure of superconductor (YBCO) with and without addition of CaO [15]. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.
(A) and (B) Orthorhombic and (C) tetragonal structure of superconductor (YBCO) with and without addition of CaO [15]. YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.

Fig. 9

Microstructures of calcium oxide and superconductor samples observed using SEM at 1,000× magnification: (A) calcium oxide from eggshell, (B) YBCO-900-ref, (C) YCaBCO-900-eggshell, (D) YCaBCO-900-com grade, (E) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell, (F) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-com grade. SEM, scanning electron microscope; YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.
Microstructures of calcium oxide and superconductor samples observed using SEM at 1,000× magnification: (A) calcium oxide from eggshell, (B) YBCO-900-ref, (C) YCaBCO-900-eggshell, (D) YCaBCO-900-com grade, (E) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell, (F) YCaBCO-NaOH-900-com grade. SEM, scanning electron microscope; YBCO, yttrium barium copper oxide.

Fig. 10

(A) Conductivity of samples versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz. (B) Dielectric constants of samples versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz.
(A) Conductivity of samples versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz. (B) Dielectric constants of samples versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz.

Fig. 11

(A) Conductivities of samples with/without the addition of CaO from eggshell versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz. (B) Dielectric constants of samples with/without the addition of CaO from eggshell versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz.
(A) Conductivities of samples with/without the addition of CaO from eggshell versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz. (B) Dielectric constants of samples with/without the addition of CaO from eggshell versus electromagnetic frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz.

Fig. 12

Electrical properties due to polarization at various electromagnetic frequencies [7].
Electrical properties due to polarization at various electromagnetic frequencies [7].

Formulas for preparation of superconductor samples_

SampleFormula 1Formula 2Formula 3Formula 4Formula 5
Y2O3 in 9.93 cm3 ethanol (C2H5OH)2.26 g2.26 g2.26 g2.26 g2.26 g
BaCl2 in 10.80 cm3 water4.16 g4.16 g4.16 g4.16 g4.16 g
CuO in 8.37 cm3 HCl4.77 g4.77 g4.77 g4.77 g4.77 g
CaO in 8.37 cm3 HCl (commercial grade)–––2.242.24
CaO in 8.37 cm3 HCl (eggshell)–2.24 g2.24 g––
NaOH (pH)––Adjust the pH to 11–Adjust the pH to 11
Encoded sampleYBa2Cu3O7−z (ref.)YCaBa2Cu3O7−z (CaO from eggshell)YBa2Cu3O7−z (CaO from eggshell)YCaBa2Cu3O7−z (commercial grade CaO)YCaBa2Cu3O7−z (commercial grade CaO)
Firing temperature (°C)
    900YBCO-900-refYCaBCO-900-eggshellYCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshellYCaBCO-900-com gradeYCaBCO-NaOH-900-com grade
    1,000YBCO-1000-refYCaBCO-1000-eggshellYCaBCO-NaOH-1000-eggshellYCaBCO-900-com gradeYCaBCO-NaOH-1000-com grade

Density values and solubility data of chemical substances used for preparation of superconductors_

Chemical substanceDensity (g/cm3)H2OEthanol (C2H5OH)HCl
Yttrium oxide (Y2O3)5.03–✓Slightly soluble
Barium chloride (BaCl2)3.10✓––
Calcium oxide (CaO) from eggshell, pH 122.46––✓
Calcium oxide (CaO), commercial grade, pH 12.63.34––✓
Copper oxide (CuO)6.51––✓

Electrical properties of raw materials and superconductor samples measured at room temperature (27 °C), (±SD), n = 3_

SampleFrequency(Hz)Capacitance (pF)Electrical conductivity (S/m)Dielectric constantDielectric loss
CuO0.5 × 10240.53 ± 0.391,960.00 ± 18.7008.334 ± 0.0801.511 ± 0.671
CuO1.0 × 1065.63 ± 0.427.08 ± 0.0101.158 ± 0.0870.122 ± 0.053
Y2O30.5 × 102341.63 ± 12.95236.00 ± 9.04071.366 ± 2.7061.529 ± 0.663
Y2O31.0 × 10664.75 ± 0.290.622 ± 0.00313.526 ± 0.0610.128 ± 0.057
BaCl20.5 × 10266.63 ± 0.891,200.00 ± 16.10013.808 ± 0.1841.478 ± 0.641
BaCl21.0 × 10621.88 ± 0.631.83 ± 0.0524.535 ± 0.1300.155 ± 0.068
CaO (commercial grade)0.5 × 102444.19 ± 5.58185.00 ± 2.3094.627 ± 1.1891.685 ± 0.730
CaO (commercial grade)1.0 × 10655.37 ± 2.710.743 ± 0.03511.794 ± 0.5780.130 ± 0.056
CaO (from eggshell)0.5 × 1029.40 ± 0.048,700.00 ± 38.7001.966 ± 0.0091.795 ± 0.777
CaO (from eggshell)1.0 × 1060.47 ± 0.0187.90 ± 1.7200.099 ± 0.0020.168 ± 0.073
YBCO-900-ref0.5 × 1028,286.70 ± 28.49(3.60 ± 0.01) × 1071,874.794 ± 6.4461.351 ± 0.585
YBCO-900-ref1.0 × 106107.59 ± 0.46(5.40 ± 0.02) × 10624.341 ± 0.1030.159 ± 0.069
YBCO-1000-ref0.5 × 1028,326.70 ± 28.00(7.60 ± 0.01) × 1071,883.910 ± 6.4001.351 ± 0.590
YBCO-1000-ref1.0 × 106257.25 ± 1.70(2.26 ± 0.01) × 10658.200 ± 0.4000.159 ± 0.070
YCaBCO-900-eggshell0.5 × 1028,540.10 ± 2.00(1.32 ± 0.00) × 1081,988.540 ± 0.5000.534 ± 0.030
YCaBCO-900-eggshell1.0 × 106132.02 ± 0.90(4.28 ± 0.03) × 10630.740 ± 0.2000.213 ± 0.010
YCaBCO-1000-eggshell0.5 × 1029,765.30 ± 47.00(1.15 ± 0.01) × 1082,281.880 ± 11.000.534 ± 0.230
YCaBCO-1000-eggshell1.0 × 106121.50 ± 1.30(4.63 ± 0.05) × 10628.391 ± 0.3000.213 ± 0.090
YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell0.5 × 10214,622.02 ± 1.10(8.31 ± 0.01) × 1073,163.23 ± 0.201.635 ± 0.110
YCaBCO-NaOH-900-eggshell1.0 × 106177.84 ± 0.40(3.42 ± 0.008) × 10638.47 ± 0.100.171 ± 0.010
YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-eggshell0.5 × 10210,838.78 ± 233(1.10 ± 0.02) × 1082,389.53 ± 51.401.635 ± 0.715
YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-eggshell1.0 × 106145.65 ± 1.47(4.09 ± 0.04) × 10632.11 ± 0.320.171 ± 0.074
YCaBCO-900-com grade0.5 × 1028,225.75 ± 0.73(1.40 ± 0.01) × 1081,874.59 ± 0.171.351 ± 0.585
YCaBCO-900-com grade1.0 × 106130.32 ± 1.21(4.43 ± 0.04) × 10629.70 ± 0.280.159 ± 0.069
YCaBCO-1000-com grade0.5 × 1029,484.85 ± 57.47(1.19 ± 0.01) × 1082,200.69 ± 13.331.351 ± 0.585
YCaBCO-1000-com grade1.0 × 106118.55 ± 0.87(4.78 ± 0.04) × 10627.51 ± 0.200.159 ± 0.069
YCaBCO-NaOH-900-com grade0.5 × 10214,821.33 ± 215(8.70 ± 0.10)×1073,022.77 ± 43.931.483 ± 0.064
YCaBCO-NaOH-900-com grade1.0 × 106177.84 ± 0.42(3.42 ± 0.01)×10638.47 ± 0.090.171 ± 0.007
YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-com grade0.5 × 10210,213.51 ± 9.27(1.24 ± 0.001)×1082,125.19 ± 1.931.483 ± 0.644
YCaBCO-NaOH-1000-com grade1.0 × 106146.83 ± 2.38(4.30 ± 0.07)×10630.55 ± 0.500.161 ± 0.071
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2021-0026 | Journal eISSN: 2083-134X | Journal ISSN: 2083-1331
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Language: English
Page range: 305 - 318
Submitted on: Apr 23, 2021
Accepted on: Apr 23, 2021
Published on: Dec 30, 2021
Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
eggshell powder,
superconductor,
electrical conductivity,
dielectric constant,
sol-gel process
Related subjects:
Materials sciences,
Materials sciences, other,
Nanomaterials,
Functional and smart materials,
Materials characterization and properties

© 2021 Wipawadee Toumvong, Pornnita Chitcharoentaweechoke, Nuchnapa Tangboriboon, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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