A study on the mixed properties of green controlled low strength cementitious

Sung-Ching Chen; Wei-Ting Lin; Kae-Long Lin; Po-Yu Huang

doi:10.2478/msp-2021-0004

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A study on the mixed properties of green controlled low strength cementitious

Materials Science-Poland

Volume 39 (2021): Issue 1 (March 2021)

By: Sung-Ching Chen, Wei-Ting Lin, Kae-Long Lin and Po-Yu Huang

Open Access

|Jul 2021

Figures & Tables

Results of the 2019 Global Carbon Budget Survey (by country) [3].

2019 Global Carbon Budget Survey Results (by Industry) [3].

Table 1

Designed compressive strength for various backfill materials [35, 36, 37].

Items	Backfill material	Compressive strength
1	Specification requirements	8.3 MPa (1200 psi)
2	Recommended strength	2.1 MPa (300 psi)
3	CLSM long-term compressive strength	0.3 MPa–2.1 MPa (50 psi–300 psi)
4	Equivalent to good compaction	0.35 MPa–0.7 MPa (50 psi–100 psi)
5	Foundation support	0.7 MPa–8.3 MPa (100 psi–1200 psi)
6	Subgrade	2.8 MPa–8.3 MPa (400 psi–1200 psi)
7	Can be manually mined	0.3 MPa (50 psi)
8	Reliable mechanical digging	0.7 MPa–1.4 MPa (100 psi–200 psi)
9	The strength that can be excavated only when using fine sand or fly ash as the granular material	2.1 MPa (300 psi)

Table 2

Chemical compositions of CFA.

Composition	Value (%)		Composition	Value (%)
Composition	Sample I	Sample II	Composition	Sample I	Sample II
Na₂O	0.75	0.00	Fe₂O₃	3.49	3.34
MgO	1.82	2.15	NiO	0.00	0.00
Al₂O₃	19.27	12.21	Co₂O₃	0.00	0.05
SiO₂	29.47	26.21	CuO	0.00	0.04
P₂O₅	0.47	0.67	ZnO	0.08	3.11
SO₃	7.36	10.35	As₂O₃	0.00	0.00
Cl	0.07	0.14	Br	0.01	0.04
K₂O	1.02	0.90	Rb₂O	0.00	0.00
CaO	35.54	40.24	SrO	0.05	0.04
TiO₂	0.55	0.49	ZnO₂	0.00	0.00
Cr₂O₃	0.00	0.00	Y₂O₃	0.00	0.00
MnO	0.05	0.05	ZrO₂	0.02	0.03

Table 3

Chemical compositions of CFA and GGBS.

Composition	CFA	GGBS
Composition	Content, wt. (%)
Silicon dioxide (SiO₂)	29.47	33.68
Aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃)	19.27	14.37
Ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃)	3.49	0.29
Calcium oxide (CaO)	35.54	40.24
Magnesium oxide (MgO)	1.82	7.83
Sulphur trioxide (SO₃)	7.36	0.66
Others	3.05	2.93

Table 4

Mix design for the activity index test (kg/m³).

Specimen No.	Cement	Standard sand	CFA	GGBS	Water
A-C	500	1375			242
A-F	400	1375	100		252
A-S	400	1375		100	240

Table 5

ACI 229 recommended dosage for the CLSM.

Material	Recommended dosage (kg/m³)
Cement	30–120
Class F fly ash (when used instead of fine particles)	0–1200
Class C fly ash	0–210
Fine aggregate	1500–1800
Water	193–344
Water (when using Class F fly ash)	590

Table 6

Proportioning design of the CLSM pastes.

Numbering	CFA (%)	GGBS (%)
F100	100	0
F75	75	25
F50	50	50
F25	25	75
F0	0	100

Table 7

Mix design of CLSM (kg/m³).

Mix No.	w/c	Cement	CFA GGBS	Coarse Aggregates	Fine Aggregates	Water	Superplasticizer	Accelerator	Adhesive
T1		31.5	94.7 155.5		1304.0	242.5		3.2	0.060
T2		47.3	142.0 233.3		806.8	376.4		3.2	0.060
T3		34.7	104.2 171.1		1204.5	269.3		3.2	0.090
T4		69.3	136.9 101.4		1204.3	269.3		3.2	0.320
T5	0.85	69.3	162.0 76.0	400.5	1204.2	268.9	22.1	3.2	0.410
T6		104.0	121.5 88.7		1204.2	267.4		5.0	0.473
T7		69.3	162.0 76.0		1204.2	262.0		10.0	0.473
T8		69.3	162.0 76.0		1204.2	262.0		10.0	0.410
T9		69.3	162.0 76.0		1204.2	268.0		4.0	0.410
T10		69.3	162.0 76.0		1204.2	268.4		3.6	0.410

Table 8

SCC grading table.

Grade Type	1	2	3
Box test (mm)	Over 300 (R1 disorder)	Over 300 (R2 disorder)	Over 300 (Accessibility)
Flowability (mm)	650~750	600~700	500~650
V type test (sec)	10~25	7~20	7~20

Table 9

Fluidities for the strength activity index testing.

Type	Flowability (cm)	Water (g)
GGBS	16.0–21.0	230–260
CFA	11.5–22.4	230–270

Table 10

Pozzolanic strength activity index results.

Mix no.	Compressive Strength (MPa)
7 days	28 days
A-C	32.16	44.80
A-F	31.96	41.18
A-S	31.27	50.20
Material	Strength Activity Index
7 days	28 days
CFA	99%	92%
GGBS	97%	112%

Table 11

Fresh properties of the CLSM.

Mix no.	V type test (sec)	Box test	Flowability (cm)	Tube fluidity (cm)
T1	6	Pass	59.5	20.0
T2	Severe bleeding
T3	4	Severe bleeding
T4	6	Did not pass	57.5	23.0
T5	7	Pass	64.0	21.5
T6	6	Did not pass	49.5	19.5
T7	17	Did not pass	38.0	15.0
T8	Rapid hardening
T9	11	Pass	46.5	18.5
T10	7	Pass	50.0	20.0

Paste specimens for various CFA inclusion.

Table 12

Compressive strength of the paste specimens at seven days (MPa).

Paste specimens Value	F100	F75	F50	F25	F0
1	–	4.71	8.14	10.00	–
2	–	4.51	6.76	9.80	–
3	–	4.61	7.84	9.71	–
Average	–	4.61	7.58	9.84	–

Table 13

Compressive strength (MPa).

Method	7-day	14-day	28-day
Atmospheric exposure (A)	2.84	5.20	5.78
Water curing (W)	2.94	4.51	5.39
Indoor dry curing (E)	3.43	4.31	5.59

Compressive strength development curves.

Table 14

Weather observation data.

Age	Temperature (°C)	Max. temperature (°C)	Min. temperature (°C)	Relative humidity (%)	Precipitation (mm)	Precipitation hours (hr)	Maximum hourly precipitation (mm)	Sunshine hours (hr)	Sunshine rate (%)
1	28.4	32.8	24.4	84	T	0.3	T	8.9	65.4
2	28.5	33.6	25.5	83	0.7	3.1	0.5	8.7	63.9
3	27.8	32.5	25.0	85	13.6	4.7	6.2	1.6	11.7
4	28.3	32.5	25.0	88	0.0	0.0	0.0	6.7	49.2
5	25.9	28.6	23.8	93	28.6	12.8	5.5	0.0	0.0
6	23.4	24.7	22.6	94	31.0	22.5	6.5	0.0	0.0
7	24.9	28.7	22.9	92	6.5	8.1	2.5	0.7	5.1
8	24.6	27.4	23.5	94	20.9	16.0	5.6	0.0	0.0
9	24.9	27.5	23.2	94	11.0	21.2	4.0	0.0	0.0
10	26.2	29.8	24.1	89	T	1.9	T	0.1	0.7
11	27.3	31.2	24.2	80	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	5.9
12	28.1	32.2	25.5	81	0.5	2.0	0.5	0.3	2.2
13	28.7	33.3	24.1	79	0.0	0.0	0.0	7.4	54.3
14	28.7	33.6	25.5	84	0.8	1.7	0.8	8.1	59.4
15	28.9	33.8	25.6	85	0.0	0.0	0.0	8.5	62.4
16	29.6	34.1	26.2	82	0.0	0.0	0.0	8.6	63.1
17	29.7	33.2	26.3	81	0.0	0.0	0.0	6.7	49.2
18	28.7	33.4	25.8	89	26.5	3.5	26.0	4.7	34.5
19	29.0	33.0	25.1	87	T	1.0	T	9.5	69.8
20	29.6	33.0	26.1	82	0.0	0.0	0.0	10.2	74.9
21	29.6	33.2	27.1	83	0.0	0.0	0.0	6.9	50.7
22	29.3	34.5	26.1	82	9.1	2.1	7.5	8.3	61.0
23	29.1	33.0	25.1	84	0.1	0.2	0.1	11.4	83.8
24	29.1	33.7	26.2	83	0.4	0.8	0.3	5.6	41.2
25	28.9	32.6	25.9	82	0.0	0.0	0.0	5.7	41.9
26	29.7	34.4	26.0	76	0.0	0.0	0.0	8.0	58.9
27	29.7	33.5	26.5	80	0.0	0.0	0.0	10.3	75.8
28	28.4	33.3	24.7	83	34.4	3.0	31.5	0.5	3.7

[i] Remarks *T: rain (less than 0.1 mm), x: fault, V: Wind direction, /: unknown.

Table 15

Chloride diffusion coefficient from the accelerated chloride migration test (10⁻¹² m²/s).

Method	7-day	14-day	28-day
Atmospheric exposure (A)	2.62	2.21	0.51
Water curing (W)	3.02	1.43	0.14
Indoor dry curing (E)	3.90	1.89	1.75

SEM photo of the T10 specimens under atmospheric exposure at 7 days.

EDS analysis of the T10 specimens under atmospheric exposure at 7 days.

SEM photo of the 5h3 T10 specimens under atmospheric exposure at 28 days (5000).

EDS analysis of the 5h3 T10 specimens under atmospheric exposure at 28 days.

SEM photo of the 5h3 T10 specimens for water curing and indoor dry curing at 28 days (5000 magnification).

Cumulative intrusion vs. pore size curves (28 days).

Relationship between a gel pore and a capillary pore (28 days).

Table 16

Fresh properties for the mixing materials of the CLSM.

Material	Advantage	Disadvantage
CFA	Improve the consistency of the V type	Minimum slump
		Reduce the possibility of a box-type passage
		Reduce stress resistance
GGBS	Improve fluidity and slump	Increase compression value
GGBS	Improve stress resistance	Increase compression value
Methylcellulose	Improve consistency	Reduce the possibility of a box-type passage
Methylcellulose	Extend V-type test time	Retard
Superplasticizers	Increase fluidity	Expensive
Accelerators	Offset time	Reduce slump

Table 17

Optimal mix design of the CLSM using a higher amount of cement replacement.

Material	Value
Water–cement ratio	0.85
Cement	69.3 kg/m³
CFA	162.0 kg/m³
GGBS	76.0 kg/m³
Coarse aggregate	400.5 kg/m³
Fine aggregate	1204.2 kg/m³
water	268.4 kg/m³
Superplasticizers	22.5 kg/m³
Adhesives	0.410 kg/m³
Accelerators	3.6 kg/m³
Unit weight	2527 kg/m³

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2021-0004 | Journal eISSN: 2083-134X (formerly 2083-124X) | Journal ISSN: 2083-1331

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Language: English

Page range: 59 - 74

Submitted on: Feb 16, 2021

Accepted on: Feb 21, 2021

Published on: Jul 6, 2021

Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

Co-fired fly ash,

ground granulated blast-furnace slag,

controlled low strength materials,

self-consolidating concrete,

green materials

Related subjects:

Materials sciences,

Materials sciences, other,

Nanomaterials,

Functional and smart materials,

Materials characterization and properties

© 2021 Sung-Ching Chen, Wei-Ting Lin, Kae-Long Lin, Po-Yu Huang, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 39 (2021): Issue 1 (March 2021)

A study on the mixed properties of green controlled low strength cementitious

Figures & Tables

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Table 15

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Table 16

Table 17

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