Occupational Risk Analysis and Development of the Specific Health and Safety Plan for the Construction of a Double-Track Tunnel Using a Tunnel Boring Machine

The research summarized in this article highlights that tunnelling operations represent some of the most complex activities in the construction sector, regarding both technology and occupational health and safety. The underground environment, confined working space, use of high-power equipment, mechanized transport, hyperbaric conditions, and the need for interventions within the excavation chamber give rise to specific occupational risks. The study analysed the responsibilities of the parties involved in the project, site organization, and the key technological processes that can impact worker safety. Furthermore, risks associated with each execution phase were identified and evaluated, and technical, organizational, and procedural measures were established to reduce risk levels and protect personnel. The results demonstrate that the use of TBM technology significantly contributes to mitigating risks specific to conventional excavation methods by limiting workers’ direct exposure to the excavation face, reducing ground instability, and increasing process automation. However, this technology introduces new challenges regarding risk management related to working in confined spaces, ventilation, atmospheric monitoring, hyperbaric operations, and emergency management.